Volume 1. Mechanics, SRT, molecular physics 5.9 Mb. . . . . Download

Volume 2. Electricity and magnetism, optics (classical) 4.3 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

Volume 3. Quantum physics (optics, atom, nucleus) 5.7 Mb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

1a. I.V. Savelyev. Collection of questions and problems in general physics. 270 pp. djvu. 3.2 MB. Problem book for the course of the same name.

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1b. Babajan, Gervids, Dubovik, Nersesov. Tasks and questions for the entire general physics course. 5.2 MB. Written by authors from MEPhI for the course of I.V. Savelyev.

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2. D.V. Sivukhin. Course of general physics in 6 volumes.

Volume 1. Mechanics. 5.4 MB. . . .Download

Volume 2. Thermodynamics and molecular physics. 13.7 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

Volume 3. Electricity. 9.2 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

Volume 4. Optics. 18.1 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

Volume 5. Part 1. Atomic physics. 9.3 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

Volume 6. Part 2. Nuclear physics. 12.4 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

2a. Sivukhin et al. Collection of problems for the general course of physics. 2006 In 5 books. djvu.
The problem book uses the experience of teaching a general physics course at Moscow State University, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In terms of difficulty, the tasks cover a wide range: from the most elementary to tasks at the level of original scientific research, the implementation of which is possible on the basis of in-depth knowledge of the general course of physics.
For students of physical specialties of higher educational institutions.

I. Mechanics. 2.5 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

II. Thermodynamics and molecular physics. 1.4 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

III. Electricity and magnetism. 2.5 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

IV. Optics. 2.4 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

V. Atomic physics. Physics of the nucleus and elementary particles. 2.8 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . download

3. Team of authors. Fundamentals of Physics. General physics course: Textbook. In 2 volumes. 2001. djvu.
This textbook, winner of the competition of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, is addressed to students of technical universities with in-depth study of physics, as well as students of physics and mathematics departments of classical universities. The presentation is carried out at a modern level with a fairly high degree of formalization, but the reader is not expected to have mathematical training beyond the scope of a technical university - all the necessary additional information is included directly in this course.
The course corresponds to the bachelor's degree program in technical specialties.
Volume 1. Kingsep A. S., Lokshin G. R., Olkhov O. A. Mechanics, electricity and magnetism, oscillations and waves, wave optics - 560 pp. 5.4 Mb. The subject of the first volume is mechanics, electrodynamics and physics of wave processes (including physical optics).
Volume. 2. Belonuchkin V.E., Zaikin D.A., Tsypenyuk Yu.M. Quantum and statistical physics - 504 pp. 5.6 Mb. The subject of the second volume is quantum physics of the atom, nucleus and elementary particles, as well as statistical physics and thermodynamics. The final section analyzes the evolution of our views from the classical to the quantum system of describing nature, and examines the question of the origin of the world and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.
The material is presented in sufficient detail and clearly. I recommend.

Volume 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

Volume 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .download

4. I.E. Irodov. Course of general physics in 5 volumes. Deleted at the request of the organization Russian Shield Association

6a. A.N. Matveev. General physics course of the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 5 volumes. djvu.

1. Mechanics and theory of relativity. 430 pp. 5.1 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

2. Molecular physics. 400 pp. 11.0 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

3. Electricity and magnetism. 460 pp. 5.5 Mb... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

4. Optics. 350 pp. 13.6 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

5. Atomic physics. 440 pp. 5.3 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

6b. A.V. Astakhov, Yu.M. Shirokov. Ed. Yu.M. Shirokova. General physics course of the Physics Faculty of Moscow State Institute in 3 volumes. djvu.

1. Mechanics and theory of relativity. 384 pp. 10.5 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

2. Molecular physics. 360 pp. 10.9 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

3. Electricity and magnetism. 240 pp. 6.5 MB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

8. R. Feynman et al. Course of lectures + problem book with solutions, 10 volumes. djvu.

1. Modern science of nature. Laws of mechanics. 260 pp. 2.7 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

2. Space, time, movement. 160 pages 1.7 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

3. Radiation, waves, quanta. 230 pp. 2.9 Mb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

4. Kinetics, heat, sound. 260 pages 2.8 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

5. Electricity and magnetism. 290 pp. 2.9 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

6. Electrodynamics. 340 pp. 2.9 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

7. Physics of continuous media. 290 pp. 3.0 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

8. Quantum mechanics 1. 270 pp. 3.9 Mb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .Download

9. Quantum mechanics 2. 550 pp. 2.5 Mb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

10. Problems and exercises with answers and solutions. 620 pp. 5.3 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

Volume 1. Kittel C. Knight W. Ruderman M. Mechanics. 12.6 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Download

Volume 2. Purcell E. Electricity and magnetism. 13.9 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Volume 4. Vikhman E. Quantum physics. 12.8 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

Volume 5. Reif F. Statistical physics. 7.0 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Download

A. Portis. Physics laboratory. 1972 322 pages djvu. 8.0 MB.
The book makes an original attempt to create a laboratory workshop in keeping with the spirit of modern physical research, based on modern electronic methods of observation and measurement.
When creating the workshop, the authors proceeded from the fact that a significant part of the theoretical issues can be explained using analogies and that this method of presentation is best suited for a laboratory course. Therefore, this physics workshop is very different from other workshops created under the influence of historical traditions and research methods.
Ideologically connected with the five-volume Berkeley Course in Physics, the book is essentially its integral part.
It may be a good source of laboratory work for other courses in both universities and technical colleges.
The book discusses and explains in detail many physical problems, which is of independent interest in the study of general physics, not related either to the Berkeley course or to the workshop.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

10. Paul. Course of general physics in 3 volumes. djvu.

Volume 1. Mechanics, acoustics, theory of heat. 10.7 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Download

Volume 2. The doctrine of electricity. 12.1 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Download Volume 3. Optics and atomic physics. 10.7 MB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Download
10. L. Cooper.
Volume 2 covers the following topics: the theory of relativity, elements of quantum mechanics, the structure of the atom and atomic nucleus, particle physics and other problems of physics of recent years.
T. 1. 483 pp. 11.3 Mb. T. 2. 384 pp. 9.2 MB.
The relevant sections of this book should be read before general physics according to I.V. Savelyev or another textbook.

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11. K.A. Putilov. Physics course. In 3 volumes. 1963 djvu.
This three-volume physics course is intended as a teaching aid for higher educational institutions with an expanded physics program. The first volume sets out the physical foundations of mechanics, acoustics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, the second - the doctrine of electricity, the third - optics and atomic physics. The main attention is paid to the achievements of experimental physics, explanation of the basic laws of physics and characterization of technical applications of physics. Historical information is provided and some philosophical issues of physics are considered.
Volume 1. 560 pp. 15.9 MB. Volume 2. 583 pp. 18.1 pp. Volume 3. 639 pp. 18.3 MB. Together with the Fabricant.

. . . . . . . download 1. . . . . . . . download 2. . . . . . . . . download 3

12. Chernoutsan A. I. Short course in physics. 2002 320 pp. djvu. 3.2 MB.
The book contains a concise presentation of all the main issues of the physics course included in the training programs for bachelors and specialists in engineering and physics specialties at technical universities. It does not pretend to be a basic textbook, but is a useful addition to the well-known physics courses listed in the bibliography. It is convenient to use for reviewing the material covered immediately before a test, colloquium or exam, as well as for quickly recalling forgotten material. The book will be useful not only for students, but also for teachers, as well as for those engineers and researchers who need to remember individual sections of a half-forgotten physics course.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

13. Lozovsky V. N. Physics course. T. 1. 2000. 580 pp. 4.8 MB.
The textbook is compiled taking into account the requirements of state educational standards for technical specialties of higher educational institutions. Its content basis corresponds to the basic program in the discipline “Physics” for technical universities, approved by the Presidium of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Russian Federation for Higher Education. This textbook was recognized as one of the winners of the competition for the creation of new textbooks in general natural science disciplines for higher educational institutions.
The textbook is intended for students of technical specialties.
I couldn't find the second volume. If you know where, write. The first volume includes Mechanics, Molecular, Electricity, Optics. So the only thing missing is atomic and nuclear physics.

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14. D. Giancoli. Physics. In 2 volumes. 1989 dgvu.
Volume 1. 859 pp. 8.7 MB. Volume 1 covers kinematics, dynamics, fluid dynamics, vibrations, waves, sound and thermodynamics.
Volume 2. 673 pp. 8.8 MB. Volume 2 discusses: electricity, magnetism, optics, special theory of relativity, theory of elementary particles.
Written in a lively and fascinating form, the book by the American scientist covers a wealth of material on all areas of classical and modern physics. The presentation uses the basics of differential and integral calculus. Each chapter is equipped with well-chosen problems and questions indicating the category of difficulty.
For high school students who want to study physics in more depth, for first-year students at natural science and technical universities, for high school and first-year university teachers, as well as for everyone who wants to expand their knowledge about the world around us.
I recommend this course not only to junior students, but also to their teachers. This course covers topics in Volume 2 that are not even mentioned in other commonly used textbooks. The course contains pictures with demonstrations that are shown when reading a general physics course. The presentation is as clear as possible.
I can only express my regret that school teachers read all sorts of rubbish about the Unified State Exam and do not read such books.

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15. P. A. Tipler, R. A. Llewellyn. Modern physics. In 2 volumes. 2007 dgvu.
Volume 1. 497 pp. 8.5 MB. Volume 1 covers the theory of relativity, the structure of the atom, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and statistical physics.
Volume 2. 417 pp. 7.3 Mb. Volume 2 covers the structure of molecules and spectra, solid state physics, nuclear physics, nuclear reactions and their applications, and the theory of elementary particles.
The book by famous American authors contains a consistent presentation of the final sections of general physics, including the latest results obtained at the turn of the 21st century.

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16. N. V. Gulia. Amazing physics. What the textbooks are silent about. 2005 year. chm. 11.8 MB.
A book by a famous Russian scientist and popularizer of science, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor Gulia Nurbey Vladimirovich “Amazing Physics”. The book is intended to cause surprise in the reader - it turns out that this physics is so unfamiliar, full of secrets and paradoxes! That's how much unusual and mysterious there is in it, how many questions have received a new interpretation, different from that in the textbooks. Many provisions of physics that seemed dry and purely abstract receive material confirmation by examples from living nature, technology, new inventions and discoveries.
From the conclusion:
Therefore, even luminaries in narrow specialties need general physics, at least as an annotation or table of contents to the huge and incomprehensible “Book of Sciences” for one person, so as not to get confused in simple but unfamiliar things, to understand what is happening nearby, in the next department, in the next laboratory .
In a word, general physics followed the second round of its spiral development, no longer as the progenitor of all natural and then technical sciences, but rather as a guide to them.
And the author wishes the reader, if possible, not to get lost in this boundless scientific ocean, although I would not advise looking for one single, short and direct path in science either. Because most often only dead ends are short and straight. So, with physics - to a happy creative life!
And I advise you to read it.

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17. Marion J.B. Physics and the physical world. 1975 628 pp. djvu. 24.2 MB..
The book provides an introductory overview of the entirety of modern physics, from the established classical branches of physics to the latest advances in particle physics and astrophysics. The author's goal is to bring the reader to the fundamental ideas of physics and to reveal some of the modern concepts that were developed in the middle of the 20th century. He coped with this task brilliantly. The book is written quite strictly, with great pedagogical skill. It shows the beauty, romance and greatness of scientific research. The author does not use higher mathematics; the presentation is accompanied by numerous examples and visual drawings. The book will be read with pleasure by the widest circles of readers: engineers and scientists, teachers of higher and secondary schools, students and high school students.
I recommend it especially to those who find physics difficult. But the book is also useful for physics teachers.

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18. V.F. Dmitrieva, V.L. Prokofiev. Fundamentals of Physics. Uch. allowance. year 2001. 527 pp. djvu. 11.9 MB.
This textbook is considered self-sufficient because it contains theoretical questions of the physics course, told from a modern perspective, examples of problem solving for all sections of the course, problems for independent solution, and all the important reference material. Emphasis is placed on presenting the main thoughts and methods of physical science. The role of thorough experiments in the development of progressive physics is shown. Explanations of physical phenomena, fundamental laws and concepts are given with a view to their subsequent use for solving actual problems.
The best book if you only have one day left to prepare for the exam.

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19. Ledenev A. N. Physics. Textbook for universities. In 5 books. djvu. Book 1. Mechanics. 2005. 240 pp. 2.2 Mb.
Book 2.Molecular physics and thermodynamics. 2005. 208 pp. 1.66 MB.
Dear A.N., over 30 years of work I have looked at many textbooks. You managed to cope with the task in the preface very well. Both books are written very clearly. I didn’t find a continuation on the Internet, nor did I find your middle name. If you have an electronic version of other volumes, could you send them for posting. I will be very grateful and so will all the students.
If anyone can send books or download links, please help. You can leave the link as a guest.

Download 1

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NEW. 20. Kingsep A.S., Tsypenyuk Yu.M. editors. Fundamentals of Physics. General physics course. Textbook. In 2 volumes. year 2001. djvu.
Volume 1. 560 pp. Mechanics, electricity and magnetism, oscillations and waves, wave optics.
Volume 2. 504 pp. Quantum and statistical physics, thermodynamics. The final section analyzes the evolution of our views from the classical to the quantum system of describing nature, and examines the question of the origin of the world and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.
This textbook - winner of the competition of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation - is addressed to students of technical universities with in-depth study of physics, as well as students of physics and mathematics departments of classical universities. The presentation is carried out at a modern level with a fairly high degree of formalization, but the reader is not expected to have mathematical training beyond the scope of a technical university - all the necessary additional information is included directly in this course. The course corresponds to the bachelor's degree program in technical specialties.
The material is presented in sufficient detail and clearly.

I.V.Savelyev Course of general physics, volume 1. Mechanics, vibrations and waves, molecular physics.
volume 2. Electricity
I.V.Savelyev Course of general physics, volume 3. OPTICS, ATOMIC PHYSICS, PHYSICS OF ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Download All 3 volumes in one file!!!
Format: Scanned pages
Quality: Excellent

Publishing house "Science", Main editorial office of physical and mathematical literature, M., 1970.
The main purpose of the book is to introduce students primarily to the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to explaining the meaning of physical laws and to their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book is a serious guide that provides preparation sufficient for the successful mastery of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines in the future.
Size: 517 pages
Format: Scanned pages
Quality: Excellent

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART 1
PHYSICAL BASICS
MECHANICS
Introduction
Chapter I. Kinematics
§ 1. Moving a point. Vectors and scalars
§ 2. Some information about vectors
§ 3. Speed
§ 4. Calculation of the distance traveled
§ 5. Uniform motion
§ 6. Projections of the velocity vector onto the coordinate axes
§ 7. Acceleration
§ 8. Rectilinear uniform motion
§ 9. Acceleration during curvilinear motion
§10. Kinematics of rotational motion
§eleven. Relationship between vectors v and *
Chapter II. Dynamics of a material point
§ 12. Classical mechanics. Limits of its applicability
§ 13. Newton's first law, Inertial frames of reference
§ 14. Newton's second law
§ 15. Units of measurement and dimensions of physical quantities
§ 16. Newton's third law
§ 17. Galileo's principle of relativity
§ 18. Gravity and weight
§ 19. Friction forces
§ 20. Forces acting during curvilinear motion
§ 21. Practical application of Newton's laws
§ 22. Impulse
§ 23. Law of conservation of momentum
Chapter III. Work and Energy
§ 24. Work
§ 25. Power
§ 26. Potential field of forces. Conservative and non-conservative forces
§ 27. Energy. Law of energy conservation
§ 28. Relationship between potential energy and force
§ 29. Equilibrium conditions for a mechanical system
§ 30. Central impact of balls
Chapter IV. Non-inertial frames of reference
§ 31. Inertial forces
§ 32. Centrifugal force of inertia
§33. Coriolis force
Chapter V. Solid Mechanics
§ 34. Movement of a rigid body
§ 35. Movement of the center of inertia of a rigid body
§ 36. Rotation of a rigid body. Moment of power
§ 37. Momentum of a material point. Law of conservation of angular momentum
§ 38. Basic equation of the dynamics of rotational motion
§ 39. Moment of inertia
§ 40. Kinetic energy of a solid body
§ 41. Application of the laws of rigid body dynamics
§ 42. Free axes. Main axes of inertia
§ 43. Momentum of a rigid body
§ 44. Gyroscopes
§ 45. Deformations of a solid body
Chapter VI. Universal gravity
§ 46. The law of universal gravitation
§ 47. Dependence of the acceleration of gravity on the latitude of the area
§ 48. Inertial mass and gravitational mass
§ 49. Kepler's laws
§ 50. Space speeds
Chapter VII. Statics of liquids and gases
§51. Pressure 193
§52. Pressure distribution in liquid and gas at rest
§ 53. Buoyancy force
Chapter VIII. Hydrodynamics
§ 54. Current lines and tubes. Continuity jet
§ 55. Bernoulli's equation
§ 56. Measuring pressure in a flowing liquid
§ 57. Application of the law of conservation of momentum to the motion of a fluid
§ 58. Forces of internal friction
§ 59. Laminar and turbulent flow
§ 60. Movement of bodies in liquids and gases
PART 2
OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Chapter IX. Oscillatory motion
§ 61. General information about oscillations
§ 62. Harmonic vibrations
§ 63. Energy of harmonic vibration
§ 64. Harmonic oscillator
§ 65. Small oscillations of the system near the equilibrium position
§ 66. Mathematical pendulum
§ 67. Physical pendulum
§ 68. Graphic representation of harmonic vibrations. Vector diagram
§ 69. Addition of oscillations of the same direction
§ 70. Beats
§ 71. Addition of mutually perpendicular oscillations
§ 72. Lissajous figures
§ 73. Damped oscillations
§ 74. Self-oscillations
§ 75. Forced vibrations
§ 76. Parametric resonance
Chapter X. Waves 263
§ 77. Propagation of will in an elastic medium
§ 78. Equations of plane and spherical waves
§ 79. Equation of a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction
§ 80. Wave equation
§ 81. Velocity of propagation of elastic waves
§ 82. Energy of an elastic wave
§ 83. Interference and diffraction of waves
§ 84. Standing waves
§ 85. Vibrations of a string
§ 86. Doppler effect
§ 87. Sound waves
§ 88. Speed ​​of sound waves in gases
§ 89. Sound intensity level scale
§ 90. Ultrasound
PART 3
MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Chapter XI. Preliminary information
§ 91. Molecular kinetic theory (statistics) and thermodynamics
§ 92. Mass and dimensions of molecules
§ 93. State of the system. Process
§ 94. Internal energy of the system
§ 95. First law of thermodynamics
§ 96. Work done by a body when its volume changes
§ 97. Temperature
§ 98. Equation of state of an ideal gas
Chapter XII. Elementary kinetic theory of gases
§ 99. Equation of the kinetic theory of gases for pressure
§ 100. Strict consideration of the distribution of velocities of molecules in directions
§ 101. Equidistribution of energy over degrees of freedom
§ 102. Internal energy and heat capacity of an ideal gas
§ 103. Adiabatic equation for an ideal gas
§ 104. Polytropic processes
§ 105. Work done by an ideal gas during various processes
§ 106. Velocity distribution of gas molecules
§ 107. Experimental verification of Maxwell's distribution law
§ 108. Barometric formula
§ 109. Boltzmann distribution
§ 110. Perrin's definition of Avogadro's number
§ 111. Average free length
§ 112. Transference phenomena. Gas viscosity
§ 113. Thermal conductivity of gases
§ 114. Diffusion in gases
§ 115. Ultra-rarefied gases
§ 116. Effusion 393
Chapter XIII. Real gases
§ 117. Deviation of gases from ideality
§ 118. Van der Waals equation
§ 119. Experimental isotherms
§ 120, Supersaturated steam and superheated liquid
§ 121. Internal energy of real gas
§ 122. Joule-Thomson effect
§ 123. Liquefaction of gases
Chapter XIV. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
§ 124. Introduction
§ 125. Efficiency of a heat engine
§ 126. Second law of thermodynamics
§ 127. Carnot cycle
§ 128. Efficiency of reversible and irreversible machines
§ 129. Efficiency of the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas
§ 130. Thermodynamic temperature scale
§ 131. Reduced amount of heat. Clausius inequality
§ 132. Entropy
§ 133. Properties of entropy
§ 134. Nernst's theorem
§ 135. Entropy and probability
§ 136. Entropy of an ideal gas
Chapter XV. Crystalline state
§ 137. Distinctive features of the crystalline state
§ 138. Classification of crystals
§ 139. Physical types of crystal lattices
§ 140. Thermal motion in crystals
§ 141, Heat capacity of crystals
Chapter XVI. Liquid state
§ 142. Structure of liquids
§ 143. Surface tension
§ 144. Pressure under a curved surface of a liquid
§ 145. Phenomena at the boundary of liquid and solid body
§ 146. Capillary phenomena
Chapter XVII. Phase equilibria and transformations
§ 147. Introduction
§ 148. Evaporation and condensation
§ 149. Melting and crystallization
§ 150. Clapeyron-Clausius equation
§151. Triple point. State diagram
Subject index

The main purpose of the book is to introduce students primarily to the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to explaining the meaning of physical laws and to their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book contains a presentation of all the issues of the doctrine of electricity, knowledge of which is necessary for the study of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines. The presentation is carried out in the International System of Units (SI), however, since until recently the Gaussian system of units was used in theoretical physics, the reader becomes familiar with this system.
Size: 442 pages
Format: Scanned pages
Quality: Excellent

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Preface to the fourth edition
From the preface to the first edition
Chapter I. Electric field in vacuum
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Interaction of charges. Coulomb's law
§ 3. Systems of units
§ 4. Rationalized writing of formulas
§ 5. Electric field. Field strength
§ 6. Superposition of fields. Dipole field
§ 7. Lines of tension. Tension vector flow
§ 8. Gauss's theorem.
§ 9. Work of electrostatic field forces
§ 10. Potential
§ 11. Relationship between electric field strength and potential
§ 12. Equipotential surfaces
Chapter II. Electric field in dielectrics
§ 13. Polar and non-polar molecules
§ 14. Dipole in homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric fields
§ 15. Polarization of dielectrics
§ 16. Description of the field in dielectrics
§ 17. Refraction of electric displacement lines
§ 18. Forces acting on a charge in a dielectric
§ 19. Ferroelectrics
§ 20. Direct and inverse piezoelectric effect
Chapter III. Conductors in an electric field
§ 21. Equilibrium of charges on a conductor
§ 22. Conductor in an external electric field
§ 23. Van de Graaff generator
§ 24. Electric capacity
§ 25. Capacitors
§ 26. Connecting capacitors
Chapter IV. Electric field energy
§ 27. Energy of a system of charges
§ 28. Energy of a charged conductor
§ 29. Energy of a charged capacitor
§ 30. Energy of the electric field
Chapter V. Direct electric current
§ 31. Electric current
§ 32. Electromotive force
§ 33. Ohm's law. Conductor resistance
§ 34. Joule-Lenz law
§ 35. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of the circuit
§ 36. Branched chains. Kirchhoff's rules
§ 37. Efficiency of the current source
Chapter VI. Magnetic field in vacuum
§ 38. Interaction of currents
§ 39. Magnetic field
§ 40. Biot-Savart law. Field of a moving charge
§ 41. Fields of direct and circular currents
§ 42. Circulation of vector B. Field of solenoid and toroid
Chapter VII. Magnetic field in matter
§ 43. Magnetic field in matter
§ 44. Description of the field in magnets
§ 45. Refraction of lines of magnetic induction
Chapter VIII. The effect of a magnetic field on currents and charges
§ 46. Force acting on a current in a magnetic field. Ampere's law
§ 47. Lorentz force
§ 48. Circuit with current in a magnetic field
§ 49. Work done when current moves in a magnetic field
Chapter IX. Magnetics
§ 50. Classification of magnetic materials
§ 51. Magneto-mechanical phenomena. Magnetic moments of atoms and molecules
§ 52. Diamagnetism
§ 53. Paramagnetism
§ 54. Ferromagnetism
Chapter X. Electromagnetic induction
§ 55. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
§ 56. Electromotive force of induction
§ 57. Methods for measuring magnetic induction
§ 58. Currents of Foucault 200
§ 59. The phenomenon of self-induction
§ 60. Current when closing and opening the circuit
§ 61. Magnetic field energy
§ 62. Mutual induction
§ 63. Work of magnetization reversal of a ferromagnet
Chapter XI. Movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
§ 64. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
§ 65. Deflection of moving charged particles by electric and magnetic fields
§ 66. Determination of the charge and mass of an electron
§ 67. Determination of the specific charge of positive ions. Mass spectrographs
§ 68. Cyclotron
Chapter XII. Electric current in metals and semiconductors
§ 69. The nature of current carriers in metals
§ 70. Elementary classical theory of metals
§ 71. Fundamentals of quantum theory of metals
§ 72. Semiconductors
§ 73. Hall effect
§ 74. Work function
§ 75. Thermionic emission. Electronic tubes
§ 76. Contact potential difference
§ 77. Thermoelectric phenomena
§ 78. Semiconductor diodes and triodes
Chapter XIII. Current in electrolytes
§ 79. Dissociation of molecules in solutions
§ 80. Electrolysis
§ 81. Faraday's laws
§ 82. Electrolytic conductivity
§ 83. Technical applications of electrolysis
Chapter XIV. Electric current in gases
§ 84. Types of gas discharge
§ 85. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge
§ 86. Ionization chambers and counters
§ 87. Processes leading to the appearance of current carriers during self-discharge
§ 88. Gas-discharge plasma
§ 89. Glow discharge
§ 90. Arc discharge
§ 91. Spark and corona discharges
Chapter XV. Alternating current
§ 92. Quasi-stationary currents
§ 93. Alternating current flowing through inductance
§ 94. Alternating current flowing through a container
§ 95. AC circuit containing capacitance, inductance and resistance
§ 96. Power released in the alternating current circuit
§ 97. Symbolic method
§ 98. Resonance of currents
Chapter XVI. Electrical vibrations
§ 99. Free oscillations in a circuit without active resistance
§ 100. Free damped oscillations
§ 101. Forced electrical oscillations
§ 102. Obtaining continuous oscillations
Chapter XVII. Electromagnetic field
§ 103. Vortex electric field
§ 104. Betatron
§ 105. Mixing current
§ 106. Electromagnetic field
§ 107. Description of the properties of vector fields
§ 108. Maxwell's equations
Chapter XVIII. Electromagnetic waves
§ 109. Wave equation
§110. Plane electromagnetic wave
§111. Experimental study of electromagnetic waves
§112. Electromagnetic energy
§113. Electromagnetic field pulse
§ 114. Dipole radiation
Appendix I Units of measurement of electrical and magnetic magnitude in SI and Gaussian systems
Appendix II. Basic formulas of electromagnetism in SI and in the Gaussian system formulas of electromagnetism in SI and in the Gaussian system
Subject index

The main purpose of the book is to introduce students primarily to the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to explaining the meaning of physical laws and to their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book is a serious guide to physics, providing preparation sufficient for the successful mastery of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines in the future.
Size: 442 pages
Format: Scanned pages
Quality: Excellent

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I OPTICS
Chapter I. Introduction
§ 1. Basic laws of optics
§ 2. Development of ideas about the nature of light
§ 3. Fermat's principle
§ 4. Speed ​​of light
§ 5. Luminous flux
§ 6. Photometric quantities and their units
§ 7. Photometry Chapter
II. Geometric optics
§ 8. Basic concepts and definitions
§ 9. Centered optical system
§ 10. Addition of optical systems
§ 11. Refraction on a spherical surface
§ 12. Lens
§ 13. Errors of optical systems
§ 14. Optical instruments
§ 15. Lens aperture Chapter
III. Interference of light
§ 16; light wave
§ 17. Interference of light waves
§ 18. Methods for observing the interference of light
§ 19. Interference of light when reflected from thin plates
§ 20. Applications of light interference
Chapter IV. Diffraction of light
§ 21. Huygens-Fresnel principle
§ 22. Fresnel zones
§ 23. Fresnel diffraction from the simplest obstacles
§ 24. Fraunhofer diffraction from a slit
§ 25. Diffraction grating
§ 26. X-ray diffraction
§ 27. Resolving power of the lens
Chapter V. Polarization of Light
§ 28. Natural and polarized light
§ 29. Polarization during reflection and refraction
§ 30. Polarization during birefringence
§ 31. Interference of polarized rays. Elliptical polarization
§ 32. Crystal plate between two polarizers
§ 33. Artificial birefringence
§ 34. Rotation of the plane of polarization
Chapter VI. Optics of moving media and theory of relativity
§ 35. Fizeau's experiment and Michelson's experiment
§ 36. Special theory of relativity
§ 37. Lorentz transformations
§ 38. Consequences from Lorentz transformations
§ 39. Interval
§ 40. Addition of speeds
§ 41. Doppler effect
§ 42. Relativistic dynamics
Chapter VII. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter
§ 43. Dispersion of light
§ 44. Group velocity
§ 45. Elementary theory of dispersion
§ 46. Absorption of light
§ 47. Scattering of light
§ 48. Vavilov-Cherenkov effect
Chapter VIII. Thermal radiation
§ 49. Thermal radiation and luminescence
§ 50. Kirchhoff's law
§ 51. Stefan-Boltzmann law and Wien's law
§ 52. Rayleigh-Jeans formula
§ 53. Planck's formula
§ 54. Optical pyrometry
Chapter IX. Photons
§ 55. Bremsstrahlung X-rays
§ 56. Photoelectric effect
§ 57. Bothe's experiment. Photons
§ 58. Compton effect
PART P
ATOMIC PHYSICS
Chapter X. Bohr's theory of the atom
§ 59. Regularities in atomic spectra
§ 60. Thomson's model of the atom
§ 61. Experiments on the scattering of alpha particles. Nuclear model of the atom
§ 62. Bohr's postulates. Experience of Frank and Hertz
§ 63. Elementary Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom
Chapter XI. Quantum mechanical theory of the hydrogen atom
§ 64. De Broglie's conjecture. Wave properties of matter
§ 65. Schrödinger equation
§ 66. Quantum mechanical description of the movement of microparticles
§ 67. Properties of the wave function. Quantization
§ 68. Particle in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential well. Passage of particles through a potential barrier
§ 69. Hydrogen atom
Chapter XII. Multielectron atoms
§ 70. Spectra of alkali metals
§ 71. Normal Zeeman effect
§ 72. Multiplicity of spectra and electron spin
§ 73. Angular momentum in quantum mechanics
§ 74. Resultant moment of a many-electron atom
§ 75. Anomalous Zeeman effect
§ 76. Distribution of electrons in an atom according to energy levels
§ 77. Mendeleev's periodic table of elements
§ 78. X-ray spectra
§ 79. Width of spectral lines
§ 80. Stimulated emission
Chapter XIII. Molecules and crystals
§ 81. Energy of a molecule
§ 82. Molecular spectra
§ 83. Raman scattering of light
§ 84. Heat capacity of crystals
§ 85. Mössbauer effect
§ 86 Lasers. Nonlinear optics
PART III PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Chapter XIV. Atomic nucleus
§ 87. Composition and characteristics of the atomic nucleus
§ 88. Mass and binding energy of the nucleus
§ 89. The nature of nuclear forces
§ 90. Radioactivity
§ 91. Nuclear reactions
§ 92. Nuclear fission
§ 93. Thermonuclear reactions
Chapter XV. Elementary particles
§ 94. Cosmic rays
§ 95. Methods for observing elementary particles
§ 96. Classes of elementary particles and types of interactions
§ 97. Particles and antiparticles
§ 98. Isotopic spin
§ 98. Strange particles
§ 100. Parity non-conservation in weak interactions
§ 101. Neutrino
§ 102. Systematics of elementary particles
Application. Holography
Subject index

PART 1
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Chapter I. Electric field in a vacuum 11
§ 1. Electric charge 11
§ 2. Coulomb's Law, 12
§ 3. Systems of units. . -. 14
§ 4. Rationalized notation of formulas 16
§ 5. Electric field. Field strength 16
§ 6. Potential 20
§ 7. Interaction energy of a system of charges. , 24
§ 8. Relationship between electric field strength and potential 25
§ 9. Dipole. . . 28
§ 10. Field of a system of charges at large distances 34
§ 11. Description of the properties of vector fields 36
§ 12. Circulation and rotor of the electrostatic field 51
§ 13. Gauss's theorem 53
§ 14. Calculation of fields using Gauss's theorem 54
Chapter II. Electric field in dielectrics 60
§ 15. Polar and non-polar molecules 60
§ l6./Polarization of dielectrics 62
§ 17. Field inside a dielectric
§ 18. Volume and surface bound charges 65
§ 19. Electric displacement vector 70
§ 20. Examples for calculating the field in dielectrics 73
§21. Conditions at the boundary of two dielectrics 77
§ 22. Forces acting on a charge in a dielectric 80
§ 23. Ferroelectrics -. 81
Chapter III. Conductors in an electric field 84
§ 24. Equilibrium of charges on a conductor 84
§ 25. Conductor in an external electric field 86
§ 26. Electric capacity, . 87
§ 27. Capacitors. 89
Chapter IV. Electric field energy 92
§ 28. Energy of a charged conductor 92
§ 29. Energy of a charged capacitor. 92
§ 30. Electric field energy.................................. 95
Chapter V. Direct electric current 98
§31. Electric current 98
§ 32. Continuity equation 101
§ 33. Electromotive force
§ 34. Zakin Oma. Conductor resistance 1U4 -
§ 35. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of the circuit 107
§ 36. Branched chains. Kirchhoff Rules 108fc
§ 37. Current power. . .
§ 38. Joule-Lenz law 112
Chapter VI. Magnetic field in vacuum 114
§ 39. Interaction of currents. 114
§ 40. Magnetic field. . . . 116
§ 41. Field of a moving charge 117
§ 42. Law, Bio - Savara 120
§ 43. Lorentz force -. 123
§ 44. Ampere's law
§ 45. Magnetism as a relativistic effect 127
§ 45. Circuit with current in a magnetic field 133
§ 47. Magnetic field of a circuit with current 138
§ 48. Work done when current moves in a magnetic field 140
§ 49. Divergence and rotor of the magnetic field 144
§ 50. Field of solenoid and toroid 148
Chapter VII. Magnetic field in matter 153
§ 51. Magnetization of a magnet 153
§ 52. Magnetic field strength. 154
§ 53. Calculation of the field in magnets. 159
§ 54. Conditions at the boundary of two magnets 162
§ 55. Types of magnets 165
§ 56. Magneto-mechanical phenomena. . 166
§ 57. Diamagnetism 170
§ 58. Paramagnetism. 173
§ 59. Ferromagnetism 176
Chapter VIII. Electromagnetic induction 181
§ 60. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction 181
§ 61. Electromotive force of induction 182
§ 62. Methods for measuring magnetic induction 185
§ 63. Currents of Foucault 187
§ 64. The phenomenon of self-induction 188
§ 65. Current when closing and opening the circuit 191
§ 66. Mutual induction. 193
§ 67. Magnetic field energy. 195
§ 68. Work of magnetization reversal of a ferromagnet 197
Chapter IX. Maxwell's equations 199
§ 69. Vortex electric field 199
§ 70. Bias current 201
§ 71. Maxwell's equations. 205
Chapter X. Movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields 208
§ 72. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. 208
§ 73. Deflection of moving charged particles by electric and magnetic fields 210
§ 74. Determination of the charge and mass of an electron 212
§ 75. Determination of the specific charge of ions. Mass spectrographs 217
§ 76. Accelerators of charged particles 221
Chapter XI. Classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals. 227
§ 77. The nature of current carriers in metals 227
§ 78. Elementary classical theory of metals 229
§ 79. Hall effect 233
Chapter XII. Electric current in gases 236
§ 80. Non-self and independent conduction 236
§ 81. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge 236
§ 82. Ionization chambers and counters 240
§ 83. Processes leading to the appearance of current carriers during self-discharge. 244
§ 84. Gas-discharge plasma 248
§ 85. Glow discharge 251
§ 86. Arc discharge 254
§ 87. Spark and corona discharges 255
Chapter XIII. Electrical vibrations 258
§ 88. Quasi-stationary currents 258
§89. Free oscillations in a circuit without active resistance.... 259
§ 90. Free damped oscillations 262
§ 91. Forced electrical oscillations 265
§ 92. Alternating current 270

PART 2 WAVES
Chapter XIV. Elastic waves 274
§ 93. Wave propagation in an elastic medium 274
§ 94. Equations of plane and spherical waves 277
§ 95. Equation of a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction 280
§ 96. Wave equation 281
§ 97. Velocity of elastic waves in a solid medium 283
§ 98. Energy of an elastic wave 285
§ 99. Standing waves 289
§ 100. Vibrations of a string 292
§ 101. Sound 292
§ 102. Speed ​​of sound in gases 295
§ 103. Doppler effect for sound waves 300
Chapter XV. Electromagnetic waves 302
§ 104. Wave equation for the electromagnetic field 302
§ 105. Plane electromagnetic wave 304
§ 106. Experimental study of electromagnetic waves 306
§ 107. Energy of electromagnetic waves 308
§ 108. Pulse of the electromagnetic field 310
§ 109. Radiation of a dipole 312

PART 3 OPTICS
Chapter XVI. Preliminary information 316
§ BUT. Light wave 316
§ 111. Representation of harmonic functions using exponentials. . . 319
§ 112. Reflection and refraction of a plane wave at the boundary of two dielectrics 321
§ 113. Luminous flux 327
§ 114. Photometric quantities and units 329
§ 115. Geometric optics 332
§ 116. Centered optical system 336
§ 117. Thick lens 344
§ 118. Huygens' principle 345
Chapter XVII. Interference of light 347
§ 119. Interference of light waves 347
§ 120. Coherence 352
§ 121. Methods of observing the interference of light 360
§ 122. Interference of light when reflected from thin plates.... 362
§ 123. Mankelson interferometer 371
§ 124. Multipath interference 373
Chapter XVIII. Diffraction of light 381
§ 125. Introduction 381
§ 126. Huygens-Fresnel principle 382
§ 127. Fresnel zones 384
§ 128. Fresnel diffraction from the simplest obstacles 389
§ 129. Fraunhofer diffraction from slit 400
§ 130. Diffraction grating 407
§ 131. Diffraction of X-rays 415
§ 132. Resolving power of the lens 422
§ 133. Holography 424
Chapter XIX. Polarization of light 428
§ 134. Natural and polarized light 428
§ 135. Polarization during reflection and refraction 432
§ 130. Polarization during birefringence 435
§ 137. Interference of polarized rays 440
§ 138. Passage of plane-polarized light through a crystal plate 441
§ 139. Crystal plate between two polarizers.... 443
§ 140. Artificial birefringence 447
§ 141. Rotation of the plane of polarization 449
Chapter XX. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter. . . 452
§ 142. Dispersion of light 452
§ 143. Group velocity 452
§ 144. Elementary theory of dispersion 458
§ 145. Absorption of light 461
§ 146. Scattering of light 463
§ 147. Vavilov-Cherepkov effect 465
Chapter XXI. Optics of moving media 467
§ 148. Speed ​​of light 467
§ 149. Fizeau's experiment 469
? 150. Michelson's experiment. 472
§ 151. Doppler effect. 476
Applications. . . 479
1. Units of electrical and magnetic quantities in SI and in the Gaussian system 479
II. Basic formulas of electromagnetism in SI and Gaussian systems. . 481
III. Vector potential 486

General physics course. T.2. Electricity and magnetism. Waves. Optics. Savelyev I.V.

2nd ed., revised. - M.: Science, Ch. ed. physics and mathematics lit., 1982.- 496 p.

The book is the second volume of a three-volume course in general physics, created by the head of the department of general physics of the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, State Prize laureate, Professor I. V. Savelyev.

The main purpose of the book is to introduce students to the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to explaining the meaning of physical laws and to their conscious application.

This course is intended primarily for college students with an extended program in physics. However, the presentation is structured in such a way that, omitting certain passages, this book can be used as a textbook for college students with a regular program.

Format: djvu/zip

Size: 9 MB

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PART 1
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Chapter I. Electric field in a vacuum 11
§ 1. Electric charge 11
§ 2. Coulomb's Law, 12
§ 3. Systems of units. . -. 14
§ 4. Rationalized notation of formulas 16
§ 5. Electric field. Field strength 16
§ 6. Potential 20
§ 7. Interaction energy of a system of charges. , 24
§ 8. Relationship between electric field strength and potential 25
§ 9. Dipole. . . 28
§ 10. Field of a system of charges at large distances 34
§ 11. Description of the properties of vector fields 36
§ 12. Circulation and rotor of the electrostatic field 51
§ 13. Gauss's theorem 53
§ 14. Calculation of fields using Gauss's theorem 54
Chapter II. Electric field in dielectrics 60
§ 15. Polar and non-polar molecules 60
§ l6./Polarization of dielectrics 62
§ 17. Field inside a dielectric
§ 18. Volume and surface bound charges 65
§ 19. Electric displacement vector 70
§ 20. Examples for calculating the field in dielectrics 73
§21. Conditions at the boundary of two dielectrics 77
§ 22. Forces acting on a charge in a dielectric 80
§ 23. Ferroelectrics -. 81
Chapter III. Conductors in an electric field 84
§ 24. Equilibrium of charges on a conductor 84
§ 25. Conductor in an external electric field 86
§ 26. Electric capacity, . 87
§ 27. Capacitors. 89
Chapter IV. Electric field energy 92
§ 28. Energy of a charged conductor 92
§ 29. Energy of a charged capacitor. 92
§ 30. Electric field energy.................................. 95
Chapter V. Direct electric current 98
§31. Electric current 98
§ 32. Continuity equation 101
§ 33. Electromotive force

§ 34. Zakin Oma. Conductor resistance 1U4 -
§ 35. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of a circuit 107
§ 36. Branched chains. Kirchhoff Rules 108fc
§ 37. Current power. . .
§ 38. Joule-Lenz law 112
Chapter VI. Magnetic field in vacuum 114
§ 39. Interaction of currents. 114
§ 40. Magnetic field. . . . 116
§ 41. Field of a moving charge 117
§ 42. Law, Bio - Savara 120
§ 43. Lorentz force -. 123
§ 44. Ampere's law
§ 45. Magnetism as a relativistic effect 127
§ 45. Circuit with current in a magnetic field 133
§ 47. Magnetic field of a circuit with current 138
§ 48. Work done when current moves in a magnetic field 140
§ 49. Divergence and rotor of the magnetic field 144
§ 50. Field of solenoid and toroid 148
Chapter VII. Magnetic field in matter 153
§ 51. Magnetization of a magnet 153
§ 52. Magnetic field strength. 154
§ 53. Calculation of the field in magnets. 159
§ 54. Conditions at the boundary of two magnets 162
§ 55. Types of magnets 165
§ 56. Magneto-mechanical phenomena. . 166
§ 57. Diamagnetism 170
§ 58. Paramagnetism. 173
§ 59. Ferromagnetism 176
Chapter VIII. Electromagnetic induction 181
§ 60. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction 181
§ 61. Electromotive force of induction 182
§ 62. Methods for measuring magnetic induction 185
§ 63. Currents of Foucault 187
§ 64. The phenomenon of self-induction 188
§ 65. Current when closing and opening the circuit 191
§ 66. Mutual induction. 193
§ 67. Magnetic field energy. 195
§ 68. Work of magnetization reversal of a ferromagnet 197
Chapter IX. Maxwell's equations 199
§ 69. Vortex electric field 199
§ 70. Bias current 201
§ 71. Maxwell's equations. 205
Chapter X. Movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields 208
§ 72. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. 208
§ 73. Deflection of moving charged particles by electric and magnetic fields 210
§ 74. Determination of the charge and mass of an electron 212
§ 75. Determination of the specific charge of ions. Mass spectrographs 217
§ 76. Accelerators of charged particles 221
Chapter XI. Classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals. 227
§ 77. The nature of current carriers in metals 227
§ 78. Elementary classical theory of metals 229
§ 79. Hall effect 233
Chapter XII. Electric current in gases 236
§ 80. Non-self and independent conduction 236
§ 81. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge 236
§ 82. Ionization chambers and counters 240
§ 83. Processes leading to the appearance of current carriers during self-discharge. 244
§ 84. Gas-discharge plasma 248
§ 85. Glow discharge 251
§ 86. Arc discharge 254
§ 87. Spark and corona discharges 255
Chapter XIII. Electrical vibrations 258
§ 88. Quasi-stationary currents 258
§89. Free oscillations in a circuit without active resistance.... 259
§ 90. Free damped oscillations 262
§ 91. Forced electrical oscillations 265
§ 92. Alternating current 270

PART 2 WAVES
Chapter XIV. Elastic waves 274
§ 93. Wave propagation in an elastic medium 274
§ 94. Equations of plane and spherical waves 277
§ 95. Equation of a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction 280
§ 96. Wave equation 281
§ 97. Velocity of elastic waves in a solid medium 283
§ 98. Energy of an elastic wave 285
§ 99. Standing waves 289
§ 100. Vibrations of a string 292
§ 101. Sound 292
§ 102. Speed ​​of sound in gases 295
§ 103. Doppler effect for sound waves 300
Chapter XV. Electromagnetic waves 302
§ 104. Wave equation for the electromagnetic field 302
§ 105. Plane electromagnetic wave 304
§ 106. Experimental study of electromagnetic waves 306
§ 107. Energy of electromagnetic waves 308
§ 108. Pulse of the electromagnetic field 310
§ 109. Radiation of a dipole 312

PART 3 OPTICS
Chapter XVI. Preliminary information 316
§ BUT. Light wave 316
§ 111. Representation of harmonic functions using exponentials. . . 319
§ 112. Reflection and refraction of a plane wave at the boundary of two dielectrics 321
§ 113. Luminous flux 327
§ 114. Photometric quantities and units 329
§ 115. Geometric optics 332
§ 116. Centered optical system 336
§ 117. Thick lens 344
§ 118. Huygens' principle 345
Chapter XVII. Interference of light 347
§ 119. Interference of light waves 347
§ 120. Coherence 352
§ 121. Methods of observing the interference of light 360
§ 122. Interference of light when reflected from thin plates.... 362
§ 123. Mankelson interferometer 371
§ 124. Multipath interference 373
Chapter XVIII. Diffraction of light 381
§ 125. Introduction 381
§ 126. Huygens-Fresnel principle 382
§ 127. Fresnel zones 384
§ 128. Fresnel diffraction from the simplest obstacles 389
§ 129. Fraunhofer diffraction from slit 400
§ 130. Diffraction grating 407
§ 131. Diffraction of X-rays 415
§ 132. Resolving power of the lens 422
§ 133. Holography 424
Chapter XIX. Polarization of light 428
§ 134. Natural and polarized light 428
§ 135. Polarization during reflection and refraction 432
§ 130. Polarization during birefringence 435
§ 137. Interference of polarized rays 440
§ 138. Passage of plane-polarized light through a crystal plate 441
§ 139. Crystal plate between two polarizers.... 443
§ 140. Artificial birefringence 447
§ 141. Rotation of the plane of polarization 449
Chapter XX. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter. . . 452
§ 142. Dispersion of light 452
§ 143. Group velocity 452
§ 144. Elementary theory of dispersion 458
§ 145. Absorption of light 461
§ 146. Scattering of light 463
§ 147. Vavilov-Cherepkov effect 465
Chapter XXI. Optics of moving media 467
§ 148. Speed ​​of light 467
§ 149. Fizeau's experiment 469
? 150. Michelson's experiment. 472
§ 151. Doppler effect. 476
Applications. . . 479
1. Units of electrical and magnetic quantities in SI and in the Gaussian system 479
II. Basic formulas of electromagnetism in SI and Gaussian systems. . 481
III. Vector potential 486
Subject index. 493

Name: General physics course - volume 2 - Electricity and magnetism, waves, optics. 1982.

The book is the second volume of a three-volume course in general physics, created by the head of the department of general physics of the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, State Prize laureate, Professor I. V. Savelyev.
The main purpose of the book is to introduce students to the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to explaining the meaning of physical laws and to their conscious application.
This course is intended primarily for college students with an extended program in physics. However, the presentation is structured in such a way that, omitting certain passages, this book can be used as a textbook for college students with a regular program.

The content of this volume consists of the doctrine of electromagnetism and the doctrine of waves (elastic, electromagnetic and light).
The presentation is carried out in the International System of Units (SI). Along the way, the reader becomes acquainted with the Gaussian system (the corresponding text is typed in petit). The appendices at the end of the book give units of electrical and magnetic quantities in the SI and in the Gaussian system, and also compare the form of the basic formulas of electromagnetism in both systems.
In preparation for the second edition, the book was revised. Changes and additions have been made to paragraphs 11, 13, 19, 45, 48, 52, 107, 112, 120 and 129.
I express my gratitude to colleagues and friends for useful discussions, criticism and advice during the work on the book. I give special thanks to V.V. Svetozarov, V.I. Gervids, N.B. Narozhny, I.E. Irodov and V.N. Likhachev.
I also express my gratitude to Professor L.L. Goldin for a number of useful advice and comments.
This course is intended primarily for college students with an extended program in physics. However, the presentation is structured in such a way that, omitting certain passages, this book can be used as a textbook for college students with a regular program. In the “Methodological Recommendations” that precede the book, along with other material, there is an indicative list of notes (i.e., exceptions, abbreviations in the text) that can be made if there is not enough time to study the book in full.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 8
Methodical recommendations 9
PART 1
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Chapter I. Electric field in a vacuum 11
§ 1. Electric charge 11
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 12
§ 3. Systems of units 14
§ 4. Rationalized notation of formulas 16
§ 5. Electric field. Field strength 16
§ 6. Potential 20
§ 7. Interaction energy of a system of charges 24
§ 8. Relationship between electric field strength and potential 25
§ 9. Dipole 28
§ 10. Field of a system of charges at large distances 34
§ 11. Description of the properties of vector fields 36
§ 12. Circulation and rotor of the electrostatic field 51
§ 13. Gauss's theorem 53
§ 14. Calculation of fields using Gauss's theorem 54
Chapter II. Electric field in dielectrics 60
§ 15. Polar and non-polar molecules 60
§ l6./Polarization of dielectrics 62
§ 17. Field inside a dielectric
§ 18. Volume and surface bound charges 65
§ 19. Electric displacement vector 70
§ 20. Examples for calculating the field in dielectrics 73
§21. Conditions at the boundary of two dielectrics 77
§ 22. Forces acting on a charge in a dielectric 80
§ 23. Ferroelectrics 81
Chapter III. Conductors in an electric field 84
§ 24. Equilibrium of charges on a conductor 84
§ 25. Conductor in an external electric field 86
§ 26. Electrical capacity 87
§ 27. Capacitors 89
Chapter IV. Electric field energy 92
§ 28. Energy of a charged conductor 92
§ 29. Energy of a charged capacitor 92
§ 30. Electric field energy 95
Chapter V. Direct electric current 98
§31. Electric current 98
§ 32. Continuity equation 101
§ 33. Electromotive force
§ 34. Zakin Oma. Conductor resistance 104
§ 35. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of the circuit 107
§ 36. Branched chains. Kirchhoff Rules 108fc
§ 37. Current power
§ 38. Joule-Lenz law 112
Chapter VI. Magnetic field in vacuum 114
§ 39. Interaction of currents 114
§ 40. Magnetic field 116
§ 41. Field of a moving charge 117
§ 42. Law, Bio - Savara 120
§ 43. Lorentz force 123
§ 44. Ampere's law
§ 45. Magnetism as a relativistic effect 127
§ 45. Circuit with current in a magnetic field 133
§ 47. Magnetic field of a circuit with current 138
§ 48. Work done when current moves in a magnetic field 140
§ 49. Divergence and rotor of the magnetic field 144
§ 50. Field of solenoid and toroid 148
Chapter VII. Magnetic field in matter 153
§ 51. Magnetization of a magnet 153
§ 52. Magnetic field strength 154
§ 53. Calculation of the field in magnets 159
§ 54. Conditions at the boundary of two magnets 162
§ 55. Types of magnets 165
§ 56. Magneto-mechanical phenomena 166
§ 57. Diamagnetism 170
§ 58. Paramagnetism 173
§ 59. Ferromagnetism 176
Chapter VIII. Electromagnetic induction 181
§ 60. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction 181
§ 61. Electromotive force of induction 182
§ 62. Methods for measuring magnetic induction 185
§ 63. Currents of Foucault 187
§ 64. The phenomenon of self-induction 188
§ 65. Current when closing and opening the circuit 191
§ 66. Mutual induction 193
§ 67. Magnetic field energy 195
§ 68. Work of magnetization reversal of a ferromagnet 197
Chapter IX. Maxwell's equations 199
§ 69. Vortex electric field 199
§ 70. Bias current 201
§ 71. Maxwell's equations 205
Chapter X. Movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields 208
§ 72. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. 208
§ 73. Deflection of moving charged particles by electric and magnetic fields 210
§ 74. Determination of the charge and mass of an electron 212
§ 75. Determination of the specific charge of ions. Mass spectrographs 217
§ 76. Accelerators of charged particles 221
Chapter XI. Classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals 227
§ 77. The nature of current carriers in metals 227
§ 78. Elementary classical theory of metals 229
§ 79. Hall effect 233
Chapter XII. Electric current in gases 236
§ 80. Non-self and independent conduction 236
§ 81. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge 236
§ 82. Ionization chambers and counters 240
§ 83. Processes leading to the appearance of current carriers during self-discharge 244
§ 84. Gas-discharge plasma 248
§ 85. Glow discharge 251
§ 86. Arc discharge 254
§ 87. Spark and corona discharges 255
Chapter XIII. Electrical vibrations 258
§ 88. Quasi-stationary currents 258
§89. Free oscillations in a circuit without active resistance 259
§ 90. Free damped oscillations 262
§ 91. Forced electrical oscillations 265
§ 92. Alternating current 270
PART 2 WAVES
Chapter XIV. Elastic waves 274
§ 93. Wave propagation in an elastic medium 274
§ 94. Equations of plane and spherical waves 277
§ 95. Equation of a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction 280
§ 96. Wave equation 281
§ 97. Velocity of elastic waves in a solid medium 283
§ 98. Energy of an elastic wave 285
§ 99. Standing waves 289
§ 100. Vibrations of a string 292
§ 101. Sound 292
§ 102. Speed ​​of sound in gases 295
§ 103. Doppler effect for sound waves 300
Chapter XV. Electromagnetic waves 302
§ 104. Wave equation for the electromagnetic field 302
§ 105. Plane electromagnetic wave 304
§ 106. Experimental study of electromagnetic waves 306
§ 107. Energy of electromagnetic waves 308
§ 108. Pulse of the electromagnetic field 310
§ 109. Radiation of a dipole 312
PART 3 OPTICS
Chapter XVI. Preliminary information 316
§ BUT. Light wave 316
§ 111. Representation of harmonic functions using exponentials 319
§ 112. Reflection and refraction of a plane wave at the boundary of two dielectrics 321
§ 113. Luminous flux 327
§ 114. Photometric quantities and units 329
§ 115. Geometric optics 332
§ 116. Centered optical system 336
§ 117. Thick lens 344
§ 118. Huygens' principle 345
Chapter XVII. Interference of light 347
§ 119. Interference of light waves 347
§ 120. Coherence 352
§ 121. Methods of observing the interference of light 360
§ 122. Interference of light when reflected from thin plates 362
§ 123. Mankelson interferometer 371
§ 124. Multipath interference 373
Chapter XVIII. Diffraction of light 381
§ 125. Introduction 381
§ 126. Huygens-Fresnel principle 382
§ 127. Fresnel zones 384
§ 128. Fresnel diffraction from the simplest obstacles 389
§ 129. Fraunhofer diffraction from slit 400
§ 130. Diffraction grating 407
§ 131. Diffraction of X-rays 415
§ 132. Resolving power of the lens 422
§ 133. Holography 424
Chapter XIX. Polarization of light 428
§ 134. Natural and polarized light 428
§ 135. Polarization during reflection and refraction 432
§ 130. Polarization during birefringence 435
§ 137. Interference of polarized rays 440
§ 138. Passage of plane-polarized light through a crystal plate 441
§ 139. Crystal plate between two polarizers 443
§ 140. Artificial birefringence 447
§ 141. Rotation of the plane of polarization 449
Chapter XX. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter 452
§ 142. Dispersion of light 452
§ 143. Group velocity 452
§ 144. Elementary theory of dispersion 458
§ 145. Absorption of light 461
§ 146. Scattering of light 463
§ 147. Vavilov-Cherepkov effect 465
Chapter XXI. Optics of moving media 467
§ 148. Speed ​​of light 467
§ 149. Fizeau's experiment 469
§ 150. Michelson's experiment 472
§ 151. Doppler effect 476
Applications 479
1. Units of electrical and magnetic quantities in SI and in the Gaussian system 479
II. Basic formulas of electromagnetism in SI and Gaussian systems. . 481
III. Vector potential 486
Subject index 493