National bibliography of foreign countries. Faculty of Philosophy
The direction of bibliography bibliography was structurally formed in the Russian National Library (then GPB) back in the 1930s, when the Consulting and Bibliographic Department (KBO) was created, which began work on the series "Bibliography of Russian bibliography". The plan for the series and the main stages of preparing bibliographic indexes were outlined at one time by the project manager, Yu. A. Mezhenko. As a practical implementation of the concept of the series “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography” in the 1940-1950s, the works of M. V. Sokurova “General bibliographies of books of the civil press, 1708-1955” were published (1st edition for the period 1710-1937 - in 1944, the second - in 1956), M.V. Mashkova and M.V. Sokurova "General bibliographies of Russian periodicals 1703-1954 and materials on the statistics of Russian periodicals." These works, which contained information about a significant number of bibliographic indexes, filled the gaps in the national repertoire of bibliographic aids (although they were not a repertoire in form) and at the same time were serious historical and bibliographic studies. In the 1950-1980s, a large number of industry indexes of bibliographic aids appeared. These are works compiled by V.V. Gnucheva, L.V. Zilbermints, B.L. Kandel, E.V. Yenish, I.I. Frolova, G.P. Pochepko, O.S. Ostroy, I.Kh. Saksonova, V.V. Antonov, Z.D. Titova, N.V. Nitkina, M.A. Mamontov and others. They characterized the bibliographic equipment of such fields of knowledge as history, ethnography, art history, legal sciences, technology, medicine, foreign and Russian fiction and literary criticism, etc.
In the 1960-1980s, the Library held five All-Union meetings on problems of bibliography. Having established contacts with foreign scientific bibliographic centers and the largest libraries in Eastern Europe, in 1979-1986 she organized several international bilateral scientific and theoretical seminars. In order to generalize the experience and summarize the results of the work, the Library published collections, on the pages of which articles by Library staff and third-party authors, including foreign ones, were published on the theory and practice of bibliography, and methodological materials were placed; a total of 37 collections were published (the last one was published in 1995).
Due to the fact that the predominant development of the sectoral bibliography of bibliography could not replace the national repertoire of bibliographic aids, from the beginning of the 1990s, the Russian National Library again began to create the series “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography,” the plan of which differs from that proposed in the 1930s. The upcoming series aims to reflect the repertoire of bibliographic aids for the period 1917-1945, since the subsequent period is covered by the current national bibliography. Currently, work has been completed on an array of bibliographic records for 1917-1927. The first issue (1917-1921) was published in 2000. The second issue (1922-1927) will be published in 2004. The post-revolutionary period - one of the most difficult in the history of Russia - still needs to be studied and rethought, That is why the factual, documentary basis of such a study is so important, which, undoubtedly, is formed by the bibliography. Work on the series continues.
The 1990s were no less difficult than the 1920s in Russian history. In the period preceding them, when the law on legal deposit was strictly observed in the USSR, fairly representative information was provided by state (national) bibliographic bodies. Currently, according to existing expert estimates, on average, about 30% of bibliographic products published in the country do not end up in the Russian Book Chamber and, accordingly, are not reflected in the national bibliography, primarily in the yearbook “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography.” The Russian National Library has completed work on the preparation of an annotated bibliographic index "Bibliography bibliography of Russia...", which takes into account material for 1992-1996. The purpose of this work, like the previous one, is a retrospective accounting of the national bibliographic products of Russia. Detailed annotations make it possible to increase the information content of the material presented in the index. This is a fairly complete and reliable source for a universal bibliography of bibliography. If published, the work may become the basis for analyzing the state of information and bibliographic support for all branches of knowledge and will allow us to outline ways to optimize bibliographic activities in Russia.
The creation of sectoral indexes of bibliographic aids also continues. A manual was published in 1997 "History of the USSR. Materials for a bibliography of foreign bibliography (1699-1991)" M.A. Mamontov and V.V. Antonova. This is the first attempt in Russian bibliography to create a second-degree index dedicated to foreign literature on the history of our country. It describes over three thousand bibliographic materials of a historical and local history nature.
A bibliographic index was published in 2002 "Fine and applied arts. Russian reference publications of the mid-18th - late 20th centuries.", which included the previous issue, published in 1972. The subject matter of this work covers the entire range of issues relating to the history, theory and technology of world fine and applied art. The manual not only includes additions for 25 years (1971-1996), but is also significantly supplemented with material for previous periods. Of great value is the index of the names of artists mentioned in bibliographed publications (more than 30 thousand names).
Currently, work on the index of bibliographic aids is being completed. "Russian fiction and literary criticism, 1974-2000.", chronologically continuing similar work by M. A. Benina, L. M. Fedyushina and B. L. Kandel, which covered the period from the 18th century.
In 2004, the work of M.A. was published. Mamontov "History of foreign countries: index of bibliographic aids published in the USSR and the Russian Federation in Russian (1986-1995)". It continues the series of works on the bibliography of the domestic bibliography of the history of foreign countries, published since 1966. Unlike previous books, it also reflects manuals on the history of the former Soviet republics (with the exception of the periods of their being part of Russia or the USSR).
Another area of work is the bibliography of indexes of the contents of Russian magazines and ongoing publications. In 1998, the reference book was published "Russian periodicals. Content indexes, 1728-1995". This is a cumulative publication, including previous issues - the work of Yu.I. Masanov, N.V. Nitkina, Z.D. Titova “Index of the contents of Russian magazines and ongoing publications, 1755-1970”, published in 1975, and its chronological continuation for 1971-1985, published in 1987. In 1993, the Nova Science publishing house in the USA, combining both issues, published the work in transliterated form. In preparing the 1998 edition, much of the material had to be presented anew. For example, clarification was required for a number of periodicals that have ceased to exist recently or continue to be published, but under different names. The history of Russian journalism is going through a new stage of development, which is reflected in this work, which is a kind of “key” to Russian periodicals for almost a 270-year period, a bibliographic and reference guide that provides information about 3,500 indexes of the contents of Russian magazines, almanacs, collections, works, bulletins, scientific notes, etc. Thus, while offering the reader the most complete set of content indexes, the authors simultaneously created a work on the history of the Russian press, Russian journalism, a work of historical-bookish and historical-bibliographical nature. The directory received an award from the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation for scientific research in the field of culture and art in 1999.
In recent years, the need for an integrated approach to national bibliography has been realized, according to which the bibliography of Russians abroad and “Russians” are considered as its integral part. The Russian National Library began to create a series of bibliography manuals for the bibliography of "Rossika". In the upcoming first issue - index "Foreign reference publications about Russia" it will be possible to find information about encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, biographical dictionaries of public and political figures, writers, artists, reference books on organizations and institutions, statistical reference books and cartographic publications, including historical atlases in which readers will be able to find materials about Russia. After completing this work, it is planned to prepare a similar universal work, which will take into account bibliographic aids.
Thus, in the direction of bibliography, which is an integral part of the retrospective national bibliography of the Russian Federation, the department produces both universal and sectoral bibliographic manuals, varying the methodology and form of presentation depending on the specifics of the material being bibliographed.
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The International Congress on National Bibliography, organized by UNESCO in collaboration with the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), played an important role in 1977 in Paris. The Congress was conceived as a working meeting of bibliographic specialists making decisions on the basis of a common agreement. The work of the congress was based on the discussion of the document "National Bibliographies" prepared in advance and sent to all interested bodies.
The first section of a long-term program aimed at creating a “Worldwide System for the Registration and Exchange of Bibliographic Information” with the goal of “making basic bibliographic data on all publications published in all countries universally and quickly available, in an internationally accepted form.”
The second section defines the dual task of the National Library, which, on the one hand, is a reflection of the level of development of the country’s economy, science and culture, and on the other hand, it is a practical tool in the activities of libraries, information services and individual information consumers.
The functions of the national bibliographic agency are also defined here:
A comprehensive record of all printed works in the country; - presentation of bibliographic records in the form of NB publications and catalog cards, machine-readable tapes and other physical forms that may appear in the future; - methodological work on creating rules for centralized cataloging and bibliographic description, maintaining union catalogs of the national collection of publications.
The third section notes that new forms of information media have emerged, which are also used to create bibliographic indexes. This creates additional difficulties for national bibliographic agencies.
The fourth section on legal deposit emphasized that the completeness and efficiency of bibliographic records directly depend on how accurately legal deposit laws are formulated. In many countries, legislation does not meet the requirements of national bibliographic registration, which indicates an urgent need to revise existing laws or develop new legislation.
The fifth section is based on the document “National Bibliographies: An Overview of Their Contents,” which is devoted to an analysis of the selection principles that are determined by each national bibliographic agency, taking into account various characteristics (method of reproduction, circulation, volume, price of publication, value of content).
The sixth section contains the basic requirements for printed publications of the National Library
The seventh section is devoted to other physical forms of information used in the library - index cards and magnetic tapes. It is noted that the introduction of computer technology leads to certain changes
The eighth section was prepared on the basis of the document “Standardization activities related to libraries and national bibliography.” Based on this task, the national bibliographic agency adopts the International Standard of Bibliographic Description (ISBD), applies ISBN and ISSN, and decides on the creation of a national ISBN and ISSN center.
The ninth section is devoted simultaneously to several issues: the cataloging-in-publication program (CIP); accounting for publications of international organizations; the relationship between the national library and international information systems;
The significance of the International Congress on NB is extremely great. Many vital issues facing the National Library were considered and, to one degree or another, resolved: the principles of selecting printed works, the coverage of documents, the legal deposit law, the structure of the National Library's manuals, the functions of national bibliographic agencies, international information systems, etc. were determined.
19. National bibliography in Western Europe and the USA. Characteristics of the development of the current state.
The current level of development of NB Western. Europe and the USA are quite large, and this is due to the fact that in these countries there is a fairly high level of automation of library and bibliographic processes.
United Kingdom.
The first bibliographic indexes - J. Leland prepared in 1545 “Comments on British Writers”, in which he reflected handwritten and printed books of English authors, presented in the form of bio-bibliographical essays. The continuation of the “Comments...” was the “List of famous writers of Great Britain, that is, England. Cumbria (Wales) and Scotland, divided into several series with the difference of their teachings and the correct calculation of years for all the centuries from Japheth, the son of the most holy Noah, to 1548...”, compiled by J. Bale. A fairly detailed biographical article is devoted to each of the writers, which also includes the titles of his works. J. Bale arranged all the material in a single chronological order. The first purely bibliographic work is usually called the “Catalog of English Printed Books,” prepared in 1595 by the bookseller and typographer E. Monsell in the interests of the “average reader” and the booksellers serving him. The bookselling nature of bibliographic indexes throughout subsequent centuries determined the development of the National Library of Great Britain. In the 17th-19th centuries, a number of indexes were published: “Bent’s Catalogues”, “Clewell’s Catalogs”, “English Book Catalog”.
In 1663, the first legal deposit law was passed, according to which printers and publishers were required to send three copies of their editions to the Bodleian, Queen's and Cambridge libraries.
Currently, the British National Bibliography is published by one of the three main divisions of the British Library - the Bibliographic Services. BNB's weekly releases reflect books and serials. The first part of the index presents bibliographic descriptions of not only published documents, but also those scheduled for publication according to the CIP program. The records themselves are arranged according to the Dewey Decimal Classification, and in the descriptions of the latter, CIP is given after the price. In the second part, the descriptions are arranged in alphabetical order by the names of the authors, titles and subject headings. The last issue of each month contains the “Compass Index” - a subject index of all documents officially registered by the Bibliographic Services for the past period.
United States of America. The first printed book in the United States was published in 1639, and until the beginning of the 19th century, the total volume of book publishing was insignificant. This left its mark on the development of the US National Bank.
The first bibliographic works, which appeared in the 50-70s, were compiled by booksellers and were retrospective in nature. Orville Ruhrbach compiled the four-volume American Library, covering US book production from 1820 to 1860. It was continued by the two-volume American Catalog by James Kelly, which included books from 1861-1870. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the first volumes of Charles Evans’ “American Bibliography” began to appear. Current bibliographic accounting also appears in the United States in the second half of the 19th century and is associated with the names and activities of booksellers.
“The Chronicle of American Book Publishing,” published monthly since January 1960 and which has become a “turning point” in the history of current bibliographic accounting of the United States, contains bibliographic information about published publications regardless of their presence in the book trade, the material for the creation of which was the bibliographic records of the “Weekly” section messages" (“Weekly Record”) of the “Publishing Weekly” magazine, from which the history of the company began.
Since September 1974, the section has been published independently and reflects books published during the week by most American publishers. It contains bibliographic information about published publications, regardless of their availability in the book trade. Each issue of ABPR contains a short introductory article with a brief description of the volume and structure of the weekly. In the main part, bibliographic records are arranged in accordance with the Dewey Decimal Classification, in addition to the subject headings of which the sections “Fiction”, “Young People’s Fiction” and “Mass Market Paperbacks” are placed. Thus, R.R. Bowker Co." is the publisher of the current national bibliographic indexes of the United States.
In France, the first legal deposit law was adopted (1537), and the world's first TNB organ was issued on the basis of state law. During the period of the Great French Revolution, the first instructions on book description were approved, which was supposed to become a methodological basis for the preparation of bibliographic records of the planned national catalog of the collections of all libraries (university, monastery, private, etc.).
In the second half of the 19th century, volumes of the “General Catalog of the French Book Trade” began to be published by the bookseller Otto Lorenz, which was subsequently continued by his friends and colleagues and brought to 1925. The catalog was published regularly and was retrospective in nature.
Until 1856 inclusive, the entire content of the “Bibliography of France” consisted of bibliographic descriptions of books, copies of which entered the “Official Reserve” of the Ministry of the Interior.
Since 1857, “Bibliography of France” began to be published in three parts.
Since 1933, the publishing company Hachette began publishing its bibliographic journal Biblio, which became the second most important body for current bibliographic registration in France. This situation remained until 1971, when the company ceded the rights to publication of the magazine for the Association of Booksellers. And from the next year the magazine was published under a double title - “Bibliography of France - Biblio”. In 1975, the structure of the publication changed again. The “Official Part” began to be published as an independent publication, and the other two - “Chronicle” and “Announcements” - were combined into one publication called “Biblio”.
The last step towards the formation of a full-fledged and comprehensive TNB was the adoption in 1992 of a new law on legal deposit and the corresponding Decree in 1993, according to which the “Official Reserve” was reorganized into the National Bibliographic Agency of France with subordination to the Directorate of Scientific Development and Networks. The Bibliography of France ceased to be the property of the Association of Booksellers and became known as the National Bibliography of France (Bibliographic Nationale Francaise).
As in other countries, the National Bibliography of France is published in two versions - book and machine-readable.
20. National bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Characteristics of development and current state.
The countries to be studied are examples of different historical paths of development: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were under national oppression and did not always represent a single state in the modern understanding of its borders: the German peoples were in a state of state fragmentation for several centuries, while never experiencing national enslavement. Their main socio-historical commonality is determined by a single method of government after the Second World War and in the 90s. - after the collapse of the USSR and the socialist camp.
BULGARIA
The later development of bibliographic activity is explained by the complex socio-cultural situation in the country. The first printed books in the Bulgarian language were published at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries. and Italy, in the 18th century. they are printed in Odessa; and only at the beginning of the 19th century a book was published in Bulgarian in Western Bulgaria. Only in the 30s. XIX century was created - but in Constantinople! - the first Bulgarian printing house. The book trade in Bulgaria began in the 50s, and its distribution prompted the creation of the first bibliographic lists of printed Bulgarian books of a retrospective nature only at the end of the 19th century. However, they were published in Constantinople and Vienna. The Bulgarians themselves call the second half of the 19th century. Renaissance in Bulgaria, which was facilitated by its liberation from Turkish rule in 1878. In the same year, the Bulgarian National Library was created. The current national bibliography of Bulgarian books and periodicals dates back to 1897, when the first legal deposit law was adopted. The TNB index, which received the name “Bulgarian Bibliography” in 1929, was published until 1940.
After the formation of the National Republic of Bulgaria, activities in the field of TNB were centralized, first at the Elin Pelin Bibliographic Institute (1943-1963), then at the National Library named after Cyril and Methodius, which became the national bibliographic center of the country. Adopted for the first time in the National Republic of Belarus in 1945, the legal deposit law has undergone a number of modifications, the last of which dates back to the late seventies; The law has now been extended to non-traditional documents.
In the field of TNB, the People's Republic of Bulgaria is an example of the implementation of the idea of creating a differentiated system of signs, which developed in the country by the mid-60s.
After the collapse of the socialist camp, in new conditions, systematic work in the field of TNB continues in Bulgaria. The index system is created using computer technology (automation of bibliographic processes in the country began in the 70s), a complex of series with general supertitle data is published - "National Bibliography of Bulgaria":
Series 1. Bulgarian book writer. Books, music, graphic and cartographic publications. - Sofia, 1987, 2. Series 2. Bulgarian book writer. Service books ed. and diss.-Sofia, 1962-Bulgarian bibliography. Official publications and dissertations., 3. Series 3. Bulgarian Gramophones. 1972-. - Sofia, 1974-.Bulgarian gramophone records.etc. (well, for example)
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
The originality of the National Library of Germany, the birthplace of book printing, which gave the world the first experiments in bookselling bibliography, determines the absence of a single state for many centuries. With the fragmentation of the German lands, the factor uniting all German peoples was the German language; this predetermined the formation of national bibliographic activity based on the linguistic principle. The first significant works in the field of RNL date back to the 16th century, but the real heyday came in the 19th century. and it is connected with the activities of bibliographers H. Kaiser, K. Georg, and book publisher W. Heinzius. The lower limit of coverage of German literature in their works was 1700, the upper limit was 1912. The beginning of current bibliography occurred in the bowels of the book trade - in 1825, when a weekly index of German book production began to be published. Since 1843, the publication of this weekly was taken over by the Hinrichs company, which has a special place in the development of German TNB. It can be said that I. Hinrichs has priority in publishing a regular index of German printed products - since 1798, his company began publishing a catalog of semi-annual periodicity. After its formation in 1825, the Exchange Union of Booksellers took full control of the work of compiling and publishing the German TNB. In 1912, the Exchange Union established a national library in Leipzig (Deutsche Bucherei); this library became the depository of all publications in German, regardless of their place of publication.
Taking advantage of all the previous experience of the German book trade bibliography, the Exchange Union began registering books and periodicals in German using a four-stage system of indexes of varying frequency, from daily to five-yearly. The weekly index in 1931 received the name “German National Bibliography” (Deutsche Nationalbibliographie) and began to be published in two series, reflecting new publications entering and not entering the book trade. This fact marks a move beyond narrow bookselling interests in the development of German booksellers.
The division of Germany at the end of World War II led to a disruption of cultural traditions in both states.
After the creation of the GDR in 1949 (in parallel with the Federal Republic of Germany), Deutsche Bücherei in Leipzig received the status of the national bibliographic center of the GDR; in 1955, the law on environmental protection was adopted; in subsequent years, modifications took place.
In post-war Germany, the MA Law was adopted only in 1969, and the German Library in Frankfurt am Main became the national bibliographic center. The adoption of laws on environmental protection in both Germany led already at the end of the 60s. to a gradual move away in German TNB from compiling indexes on a linguistic basis. In addition, a characteristic feature of modern Germany in the field of legislation on environmental protection is acquisition at the federal and regional levels.
The current state of the German TNB is determined by the creation of a unified state of the Federal Republic of Germany, which entailed the unification of efforts in this area. Since October 1990, the national library of Germany - Deutsche Bibliothek - structurally consists of 3 parts: the German Library (Deutsche Bibliotek) in Frankfurt am Main, the Deutsche Bucherei in Leipzig and the German Music Archive (Deutsche Musikarchiv) in Berlin. The National Library (together) is the national bibliographic center of the country, and its components are depositories and bibliographic centers for certain types of documents.
Since the beginning of 1991, a unified TNB system began to function in Germany, which has the general title “German National Bibliography” (“Deutsche Nationalbibliographie”) and is a complex of series where all German-language documents produced both in Germany and abroad are bibliographed.
CZECH REPUBLIC. SLOVAK REPUBLIC
The formation of national bibliographic activity in Czechoslovakia was predetermined by the historical destinies of the Czech and Slovak peoples. The presence of early statehood among the Czechs led to the appearance of the first book in the Czech language already in 1468, while in Slovakia the first printing house was opened only in 1573. The movement for the preservation of the national culture of both peoples intensified in the 19th century, which was reflected in the creation of prerequisites to begin bibliography of the national book. In the Czech Republic, in 1807, a law on legal deposit was adopted; in Slovakia (which was part of the Austrian Empire at that time), Austrian legislation was in force, introduced in 1862. Matica, as a center that contributed to the emergence of bibliographic activity, was created in the Czech Republic in 1831 ., in Slovakia - in 1863
The largest Czech work on the Russian National Library was “The History of Czech Literature...” by I. Jungman, published in Prague in 1825 and reflecting, together with an addition, handwritten and printed books, as well as articles from periodicals - from the beginning of Czech literature to 1847. A significant event of the NLR was the publication in 1865 of the “Czechoslovak bibliographical book” compiled by F. Doukha, which reflected not only in Czech, but also in the Slovak languages, in addition to books, also notes. The most significant work on the Slovak NLR L. Risner’s work “Bibliography of Slovak Literature” appeared, which was published only in the 20th century.
The first attempts to create a current account of Czech books date back to the 70-90s. XIX century, however, these publications arose in the mainstream of the book trade, not relying on legal deposit. The prototype of the true current bibliography of Czech book production was the yearbook "Czech Bibliography", which was compiled by Z. Tobolka on the basis of legal deposit: they were published before the First World War. The beginning of the Slovak TNB is associated with the organization of the Slovak matitsa; in its “Chronicles”, from 1864, a reflection of the newly published
Slovak book production. After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the development of TNB in the country entered a new phase. The Bibliographic Institute in the bourgeois republic, created back in 1917, was transformed into the Czechoslovak Bibliographic Institute; Since 1922, the institute began publishing the weekly “Bibliographic Catalog” as a continuation of the pre-war “Czech Bibliography”, but on a nationwide scale. In 1933, the publication of the “Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Republic” began, two years later it received a legal deposit at its disposal due to new national legislation.
In the field of National Security after the formation of a unified state, lively work also took place: in the 1920s. The publication of an index of Czech and Slovak handwritten and printed literature began, headed by Z. Tobolka.
After 1945, in accordance with the principle of national equality, work in the field of TNB in the country was carried out in two independent streams - in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The current state of the TNB of the Czech Republic and Slovakia is determined by the fact of the formation in 1993 of two independent states: the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
CZECH REPUBLIC. The national bibliographic center of the Czech Republic is the National Library in Prague, which publishes TNB indexes on a legal deposit basis in accordance with the 1962 law.
The turning point year for the country's TNB was 1994. From this year, the TNB indexes were freed from the previous title (Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) and received the general title "Czech National Bibliography" and were published in a new printing design. (Ceska narodntf bibliografia). The TNB system currently in the Czech Republic consists of the following signs:
Foreign bohemia (exterior).
Since 1994, the TNB of the Czech Republic began to be published on floppy disks, in addition, the cumulation of the bibliographic index of books for 1983-1993. exists on CD-ROM. Since that time, the country began to use a new technological system - ALEPH; joined the UNIMARC program; applying new rules of bibliographic description - AACR-2.
SLOVAK REPUBLIC. Having received the status of a national library after the reorganization in 1945, the Slovak Matica in Martin after 1993 began to be called the Slovak National Library (Slovenska narodnd knilnica). Being the national bibliographic center of the country, it published TNB on the basis of legal deposit.
Until the end of the 60s. Current bibliography in Slovakia took place, with few exceptions, in a parallel flow to the Czech Republic, also bearing the supertitle “Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic”. Since 1970, the structure of the Slovak TNB began to change, receiving the supertitle “Slovak National Bibliography” (“SlovenskS narodn£ bibliografia”). But the main changes concerned automation processes: having begun in 1976, it brought significant results in 1985, “when it was already possible to talk about the functioning of the AIS of the Slovak National Bibliography (AISSNB). In subsequent years (1986-90), significant changes occurred in the interpretation of TNB, which was given cultural and historical functions, which affected, in particular, the bibliography of exterior materials.
In 1991, freed from ideological, economic, and other restrictions, Slovakia designed a new book and information system for the country, IKIS.
21. National bibliography in Asian countries. Africa and Latin America.
One of the most important tasks facing young states is the implementation of a program of universal literacy, since the overwhelming majority of the population of some of them cannot read or write.
Another no less important problem of the modern stage was the formation of a national publishing industry and overcoming those phenomena and factors that determined book publishing in the colonial period, when its own publishing industry did not develop, and the national book market was formed only through book exports by the former metropolises. The modern development of national book publishing is quite slow: according to UNESCO, only one fourth of the world's book production is produced in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
The emergence of national security in some countries of Latin America dates back to the end of the 19th century, in most countries of Asia and Africa - to the 50-80s of our century, in some countries this process is just beginning.
NB in Latin American countries arose in the 19th century, when colonial Spain and Portugal gained independence. Poorly developed economy => poorly developed publishing industry => creation of national bibliographies. pointers for these countries are unprofitable + insignificant. number of NB consumers, in particular libraries, which are often unable to purchase national printed products.
The first signs of the National Library of Russia appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. José Toribio Medina's "Hispanic American Library", (7 volumes) - a bibliographic record of books published in and about Latin America. Detailed descriptions are arranged chronologically and annotated.
The states of South and Southeast Asia won the right to independence immediately after the Second World War. They are multinational, have long-standing, thousand-year-old cultural traditions and at the same time are economically underdeveloped (albeit to varying degrees).
Modern development of book publishing is hampered by low levels of literacy and reading skills, as well as the complex calligraphy of local languages. For many countries, English continues to occupy a leading position as the language of publication. In India alone, 40% of book production is published in English.
Most countries in this region began to develop national libraries and create national bibliographic centers only after gaining political independence. National security plays a huge role in the social life of these countries, as it not only reflects national achievements in all spheres of society, but also influences their development.
Currently, national security in the countries of South and Southeast Asia is, as a rule, of a national nature, which is confirmed by the presence of the necessary legislation and financial assistance from the government. General trends:
Although legal deposit laws have been adopted in all countries, it is also necessary to create conditions for control to ensure their effective functioning, which is absent in a number of countries.
In most countries, national libraries are also national bibliographic agencies. Due to the insufficient material base and the low level of information and bibliographic activities (in particular, lack of experience), there has been a tendency to create unified regional bibliographic centers, which should be considered a positive fact.
Africa. However, there are still many, many problems facing the National Bank. Of the 34 countries on the continent, only 20 have national bibliographic records based on relevant legal norms, some of which have been preserved since the colonial regime and do not meet modern requirements.
The most prosperous state is distinguished by the National Library of Kenya, where the functions of the national bibliographic agency are performed by two institutions at once: the National Library Service of Kenya and the National Reference and Bibliographic Department. The annual publications of TNB reflect various types of documents: books, first issues of new serial publications, dissertations, proceedings of scientific and professional conferences, standards, patents, exhibition catalogs, posters, audiovisual materials. The principle of document reflection is territorial; in addition, publications about Kenya and publications of works by Kenyan authors published abroad are registered. Bibliographic descriptions are compiled on the basis of Anglo-American cataloging rules and ISBD.
Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
Faculty of Philosophy. Department of Library Science
Coursework
by Cataloging
Topic: “Bibliography of Kazakhstan: formation and development”
Completed by a 1st year student BiIN
Dautova Anar.
Sofia - 2014
Introduction
National Bibliography: Origin and Functions
2. National Library - center of national bibliography
1 National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2 Formation and development of bibliographic activities of the National Library
2.3 Current and retrospective bibliographic publications of the National Library
4 Automation of bibliographic processes in Kazakhstan
3. National State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1 History of the creation of the State Book Chamber, the main documents regulating its activities
2 System of current state signs. Retrospective bibliographic publications of the Book Chamber
3.3 Current state, problems and prospects for improving the activities of the Book Chamber
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
In 1991, the main library of the Republic of Kazakhstan received national status and acquired special state and public significance as a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage of the republic. The National Library is the center of national bibliography.
The national bibliography is designed to take into account information about printed works and other materials as fully, promptly and systematically as possible to inform potential consumers about new national achievements in the field of science, culture, production and public life, reflected in documentary form. The National Library is the only reliable source for statistics of national printed products and creates the necessary basis for the development of other types of bibliography in the country and for bibliographic activities with international coverage.
The purpose of this course work was to determine the functions of national bibliography, study the history of the emergence and current state of bibliographic activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The object of the study was bibliographic activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The course work consists of: introduction, main part, conclusion and list of sources used.
The introduction defines the relevance, purpose and object of the study, as well as the structure of the work.
The first section provides definitions of the term national bibliography, the history of its origin and main functions.
The second section examines the formation and development of the national bibliography of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the history and current state of the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a center of national bibliography.
The third section examines the State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan as the center of bibliography in Kazakhstan.
In conclusion, the main results are summed up.
The list of sources used included literature referenced during the study.
1. National bibliography: origin and functions
The emergence of a national bibliography was due to a number of reasons. The most important of them was the formation of nations, the formation of bourgeois states, the formation of national identity and the resulting need to identify and summarize national cultural achievements. Of significant importance was the increasing distribution of books in living vernacular languages (German, French, English, etc.) and the gradual displacement of the previously unchallenged international language of the Middle Ages - Latin. The intensive development of book printing also played a significant role (by 1500, about 30 thousand book titles were published in Europe, and by 1600 - over 285 thousand).
At the end of the 18th century. The term “national bibliography” arose. It was used by French bibliographers G.-F. Debure and J-C. Brunet to designate works of a very different nature - lists of works by Latin and Greek authors, biobibliographic dictionaries, indexes of works of authors united by religion, etc. The German bibliographer J. Petzholdt in the “Bibliographic Library” highlighted the section “ National Bibliography,” where he arranged the material by continent and country.
The difficulty in defining the term “national bibliography” is due to the fact that the emergence of national bibliographies (NB), both in the past and now, occurs in accordance with specific historical conditions, sometimes based on the principle of analogy. Therefore, a unified idea about the essence of the phenomenon, functions and tasks has not yet emerged.
The “National Bibliography” (NB) consists of the current national bibliography (TNB) and the retrospective national bibliography (RNB). And despite their interconnectedness, complementarity and commonality, separate consideration of these phenomena is necessary.
At the International Bibliographical Congress in 1897, the need to create national bibliographic institutes was mentioned, the main function of which was to organize the library. It was even noted that the latter should include, along with works of the past, individual works published every day (books and brochures), periodicals, private publications and publications of public and departmental organizations. And the resolutions of the International Bibliographical Congress in 1900 indicated the advisability of using legal deposit in the preparation of editions of the national bibliography. However, at that time these ideas were not developed, much less put into practice, and were forgotten.
Currently, the term “national bibliography” combines actually existing forms of accounting for literature:
Accounting on a territorial basis (works published within a given state in all languages are reflected);
2. Accounting according to the language principle (works in a certain language are reflected, regardless of the place of their publication);
3. Accounting for all materials associated with a given country, territory, language, authorship and content.
There are debates around the concept of “national bibliography”: what it should be, which form is optimal and is capable of most effectively carrying out the recording, communicative and summarizing functions of the national bibliography, which the Bulgarian scientist Todor Borov successfully called the inventory of national culture, its “calling card”.
Indeed, if we assume that linguistic or complex accounting for one reason or another is the most appropriate for the TNB of a given country, its implementation requires well-established accounting on a territorial basis in other countries. Where can I get reliable information about new publications published in French outside France? Only from the bodies of the current national bibliography of other countries and only on the condition that they keep records of printed materials published within their borders in all languages - including French. Otherwise, the accounting of world literature in French will be largely random. This provision fully applies to countries that build their national bibliography on an integrated basis. The essence of the matter is that both “linguistic” and “Comprehensive” publications of the national bibliography are by their nature secondary (i.e., based on the already recorded records in primary bibliographic bodies), while TNB publications, according to their objectives, must be primary, i.e., based on a real array of documents described. When deciding how to build a TNB, this consideration should play a decisive role.
Only the territorial principle of coverage can ensure the completeness of primary registration in the TNB bodies, since in this case there is a reliable basis in the form of a legal deposit provided by law. In 1961, at a meeting of the UNESCO International Advisory Committee on Bibliography, Documentation and Terminology, the recommendations of the 1950 conference were fully approved and some clarifications and additions were made - for example, it was considered advisable to use legal deposit as a TNB base.
TNB, built on a territorial principle, can provide reliable material for official statistics of the national press and for the development of other types of bibliography in the country.
Recognition of the territorial principle as the most appropriate for the TNB as a primary accounting body does not at all discredit the accounting of bibliographic materials collected according to linguistic or complex principles and does not detract from their importance. These materials (current and retrospective) are of considerable interest and have legitimate popularity in a number of countries.
In the 19th century the only subject matter of the current national bibliography was books. Gradually, in some countries, it began to include periodicals and other types of printed materials, as well as articles from periodicals.
For the development of the TLB concept, the 39th session of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) held in 1973 in Grenoble, meetings of bibliographers of socialist countries and the Paris UNESCO conference in 1977 were of significant importance.
The 39th session of IFLA was dedicated to the international project “Universal Bibliographic Accounting” (UBR), the program of which includes a set of measures aimed at creating an international system for the exchange of bibliographic information about publications appearing in the world.
In general terms, the contours of the optimal model of modern TNB are as follows:
TNB publications are built on the territorial-state principle, which ensures the necessary completeness and accuracy of the reflection of national documents, since it makes it possible to rely on legal deposit. However, this does not mean that all materials presented in legal deposit are recorded by the TNB bodies. They are selected according to predetermined criteria of a formal and qualitative nature. Selection criteria are becoming more stringent due to the sharp increase in the number of publications produced using new duplication technology (to some extent, the latter circumstance also explains the emergence in a number of countries of bodies for recording publications that do not go on sale).
On the other hand, in order for all the material required for reflection in the TNB bodies to be received as legal deposit, the legislative act must provide for the deposit of not only printed materials, but also other types of documents, including on non-traditional media. Therefore, the legal deposit law itself must be systematically revised and maintained at the level of modern requirements from the point of view of the interests of TNB. There was a need to create an international standard for legal deposit law.
The objects of accounting in the TNB should be all types of printed materials and some audiovisual materials - films, recordings, microforms.
Fixation of materials in TNB can be done on printed cards, in printed organs and on magnetic tapes. The printed card is playing an increasingly important role - since printed cards for articles appeared, it has gone beyond the boundaries of centralized cataloging. Magnetic tapes are irreplaceable carriers of bibliographic information for domestic and international data exchange. But for TNB, print media - primary ones and their summaries - are of decisive importance.
The current national bibliography originated in the 19th century. Its first organ appeared in France in 1811. In 1825, current information about German books appeared, in 1829 - about Swedish ones, in 1833 - about Dutch ones. Since 1835, literature has been registered in Italy, since 1837 in Russia and England, since 1843 in Denmark, 1871 marks the formation of the current national bibliography in Switzerland, 1872 in the USA, 1875 in Belgium, 1878 - in Poland, 1897 - in Bulgaria. In the 20th century the current national bibliography is being developed everywhere and is becoming increasingly important.
The task of the current national bibliography is the most complete, prompt and systematic information about printed works and some other materials to inform potential consumers about new national achievements in the field of science, culture, production and public life, reflected in documentary form.
TNB is the only reliable source for statistics of national printed products and creates the necessary basis for the development of other types of bibliography in the country and for bibliographic activities with international coverage.
Documents are recorded using a multifaceted and branched system of organs. These include indexes: books and brochures, periodicals, sheet music, printed graphics, maps, official publications, dissertations, standards, patents, industrial catalogues, films, records, micro-publications, articles from magazines, newspapers and collections, reviews, bibliographic materials. Exterior materials should also be registered in isolation, in an independent body, if they are included in the TNB system.
The functions of the current bibliography are as follows:
Bibliographic registration, accounting of printed works of all types and in all branches of knowledge published in the country, as well as other replicated products (audio and video materials, disks, etc.) in all languages;
acquisition of library collections based on the legal deposit system.
Despite this, the theoretical understanding of the concept of national bibliography was born with difficulty, and until very recently there has been controversy surrounding it.
The term “national bibliography” was widely used at international bibliographic congresses in the 19th century, but no definition of the concept was given. One of the first to try to do this was the French historian and bibliographer Sh.-V. Langlois. He wrote in the “Guide to Historical Bibliography” (Paris, 1901): “Universal bibliographies are opposed to national bibliographies, the scope of which is local: these are repertoires of books on all topics, united on the basis that they were published on the territory of a particular modern nation: Germany, France, Italy, etc. But this definition is also quite suitable for the repertoires of national literary history, which are repertoires of works (printed or handwritten), united by the fact that they were written by natives of one country or in the language of this country . Let us add to this that the repertoires in which works about a given country are registered (about Germany, about France, about Italy, etc.) could equally be called national bibliographies.”
In the first half of the 20th century. work to clarify the term and concept of “national bibliography” has not made significant progress. Apart from the unclear definitions of the English bibliographers R. Peddie (“Official, semi-official and book trade bibliographies of a country”) and E. Coulter (“National or book trade bibliographies are the basis of all bibliographic work”), it can be said that foreign authors basically repeated the definition given by Langlois. At the same time, some of them, recognizing the diversity of the national bibliography, identified its main, leading, “real” form. Some saw it in the accounting of literature published within the boundaries of any state, any country. Others considered it most important to identify works in the language of a particular nation. Thus, the German bibliographer Georg Schneider wrote in 1930: “National bibliographies themselves, on the contrary, attach the greatest value to linguistic rather than political boundaries; the former lag behind the latter or, more often, pass over them.” Finally, there were those bibliographers who saw the main purpose of the national bibliography in a broad reflection of the entire complex of literature, one way or another connected with a given people - both published in the territory they occupied and published abroad:
a) in the language of the people, b) written by its representatives in any language, or even c) dedicated to this people or country - regardless of language or authorship.
Some authors called this method of accounting for national literature “spiritual” (G. Schneider) or “subject-ethnic” (Polish bibliographer E. Gleb-Kosanska).
In many countries, practically in most countries, publications of the national bibliography, both current and retrospective, when they appeared, were spontaneously built on a territorial principle, reflecting the literary production of their state. This happened in Russia, the United States of America and many others. But in a number of countries the application of the territorial principle was not possible, in particular in Germany. As is known, the unification of the German states under the auspices of Prussia and the formation of the German Empire occurred in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. However, the consciousness of national unity forced the Germans, according to K. R. Simon, to consider the fragmentation of the country “as a national evil that must be overcome.” Publishing and the book trade fought against this by publishing and distributing books in German, regardless of existing borders and creating pan-German cultural centers and bookselling organizations. In such conditions, the national bibliography, the urgent need for the creation of which was dictated by the urgent needs of the book trade, could be built on only one principle - linguistic. Finally, a special category consists of countries that are a collection of national groups connected by language and culture with other states (English-French Canada, Franco-German-Italian Switzerland, etc.), or countries with very little printed output (a number of Latin American countries , many of the developing countries of Asia and Africa), or artificially created states (Israel). In these cases, as well as in those when we are talking about countries that were forcibly fragmented and were in a state of national oppression in the past, not only territorial but also linguistic boundaries are close, and there is a need for additional information about foreign works written by natives of the country or dedicated to her.
In modern bibliographic science, there are different points of view on defining the functions of the national bibliography. Thus, in the USSR there was an opinion that the national (state) bibliography performs a registration, informational and cultural-historical function.
The concept of “national bibliography” literally means that it is a type of bibliographic activity of some ethnic community.
The main task that national bibliographic services should solve when creating current and especially retrospective NBs is the creation of authoritative databases about individual and collective authors of each country. This work is very complex and time-consuming, but without it it is impossible to clearly distinguish between the arrays of documents created and being created in the national language both in the country itself and abroad.
The concept of “national bibliography” is situational in nature. It can be used for different taxonomic levels of ethnic communities using polytonyms, ethnonyms, linguonyms, and in some cases a combination of ethnonyms with toponyms.
The national bibliography, which is the main subdivision (type) of the general bibliography, is characterized primarily by internal (system-wide) functions: search and communication. These functions are characteristic of bibliographic information in general. The third system-wide function, also characteristic of the National Library, is the summarizing (cultural-historical) function. Its specificity lies in the fact that it summarizes at a universal documentary level and with the greatest possible completeness. This allows scientists to say that the national bibliography is a “mirror” of the culture of a particular people, the historical memory of a nation.
2. National Library - center of national bibliography
2.1 National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan
bibliographic book chamber publication
If we look at the development of the main libraries of the CIS countries from a historical point of view, the following stages can be traced. In the 19th century, their main task was the accumulation, storage and accounting of the fund. The first half of the 20th century is a transitional period characterized by the emergence of libraries as leaders of national library systems: the intensification of the use of funds begins through involvement in the IBA, centralized cataloging, national union catalogue, etc.
The second half of the 20th century was the period of establishment of republican libraries as leaders of national library systems and the development of their cooperation with libraries of foreign countries. From a closed institution of a museum-archival type to the role of a leader in library interaction, providing its resources for wide and active use - this is the evolutionary path of the library. The National Library should be an active participant, coordinator, and initiator of such a process. The task is not only to create repositories of individual information carriers, but to form a unified system in each country, which in its entirety covers with sufficient completeness all current national documentary products.
From all of the above, the main functions of the National Library follow:
Creation of a comprehensive collection of national publications;
Preservation of printed materials;
Publication of the national bibliography;
Creation of a collection in foreign languages;
Preparation of sources of bibliographic information;
Release of a national retrospective bibliography.
Today we can say that the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan meets these requirements. It is the main library of the republic, since from the very beginning it carries out the function of collecting and storing the most complete collection. Over the years of its existence, it has accumulated a large and meaningful information potential of more than 5 million copies of domestic and foreign publications, the richest collection of books in Kazakh and books about Kazakhstan in various languages in the republic. All literature about Kazakhstan, as well as all publications in the Kazakh language, regardless of the content and place of publication, are collected in the “Kazakh-stanika” section. In 1984, an archive of local history literature was created. The pride of the library is its rich, more than 25 thousand items, collection of rare books and manuscripts.
Since its creation, the Department of Foreign Literature has been collecting books about Kazakhstan in foreign languages. Now this fund consists of 3136 books.
The status of the National Library places special demands on the completeness of the national collection. The work is being carried out in two directions - replenishing the fund with new publications and acquiring literature about Kazakhstan that is missing from the fund. Despite the difficulties of replenishing the collection, thanks to the efforts of library staff, new books are received regularly. An important event in this direction is the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of June 22, 1992 No. 548 “On the procedure for distributing a control and legal copy of printed works.”
The creation of a unique national fund continues. Visits were made to the largest libraries in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent, Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg, and Orsk. As a result, 126 microfilm titles were received from Moscow and St. Petersburg for the most valuable books that were not in the National Library collection. To continue this work, a sector has been organized to create a data bank on literature about Kazakhstan that is not in the National Library collection. This data will be entered into the computer.
The program is designed so that the librarian can, in a matter of minutes, receive a list of books about Kazakhstan on any topic, information about Kazakh books available in the collections of other libraries, complete any reader’s information about literature on our republic, etc.
All these activities, aimed at ensuring the completeness of the national fund, are carried out within the framework of the “Program for ensuring the preservation and active use of book and manuscript monuments in libraries of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 1993-2000.”
In the last decade, significant efforts have been made around the world to develop national information systems. New, super-giant library networks are now being created.
The National Library has done a lot of preparatory work. To participate in the international information system, information is entered into computers according to international standards, in accordance with the IFLA program “Universal Bibliographic Accounting and International Program”.
Each country is responsible for the bibliographic compatibility of descriptions of printed works of a given country; descriptions must comply with international bibliographic standards and be compiled in machine-readable form; a unified cataloging system must be adopted.
According to the UBU (Universal Bibliographic Accounting) program, it is necessary to have a national bibliographic center, which must carry out official bibliographic records (in accordance with international standards) of all new publications published in the country, publish these records as early as possible in the current national bibliographic indexes, distribute them in the form of cards, machine-readable records, receive and distribute similar indexes prepared by national bibliographic centers of other countries, and, whenever possible, publish retrospective national bibliographic indexes of the country’s printed products.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, this work was carried out by the Republican Book Chamber, which today does not fully fulfill its functions. Many libraries note the slowness of the publications of the book chamber, demand the publication of a set of cards for republican publications, and complain about omissions in chronicles, and especially in magazine and newspaper articles. All this reflects on the quality of work of libraries and affects the completeness of information. The National Library’s plans for the implementation of international programs can be defined as the desire to become an equal partner in the international information system and to worthily represent Kazakhstan’s libraries in the global library community.
The first steps have been taken, the first attempts to enter the global information system. Development programs for the National Library were drawn up in a short period of time , work has begun to automate library processes taking into account international standards, international relations are being established, and a lot of work has been done to maintain and strengthen ties with libraries in the CIS countries.
Currently, publicly available information is national wealth, increased and preserved in the interests of society. Public information is information that is owned by the people and protected by the government.
The government must guarantee the integrity and safety of publicly available information, the dissemination, reproduction and redistribution of information, affordable prices for books, people's access to information regardless of place of residence and work, and subsidize library programs.
The costs of creating, collecting and processing information should not be passed on to the people using the information. Only state-guaranteed conditions for ensuring the completeness and safety of funds and the widespread introduction of technical means make it possible to realize the possibilities of optimally providing access to domestic and world information.
The pride of the bibliographers of the National Library is the wealth of information about Kazakhstan contained in the card indexes. Bibliographers of all generations worked on the creation of this card index, and currently there are more than 1 million cards in the card index. Work on the creation of a data bank has been intensified in connection with the introduction of automation of library processes.
Currently, the volume of the electronic catalog of the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan is about 1,000,000 records, and reflects the funds: local history - “Kazakhstanika” - volume of 97,700 bibliographic records, of which 37,439 in the Kazakh language, 60,261 in other languages, “Foundation of the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan” - volume of 797,011 bibliographic records , in Russian, and work on retroconversion continues to this day, “Catalogue of Rare Books” - volume of 2759 bibliographic entries, “Rare Books in Foreign Languages” - volume of 3000 bibliographic entries, one of the “oldest” books - “Praise of Stupidity E .Rotterdam, published in 1523 in Cologne", "Author's abstracts" - volume 43567 bibliographic records, "Dissertations" - volume 10842 bibliographic records, contains bibliographic records on dissertations of Kazakh scientists, CDs and microfiche of Russian dissertations for systematization are used by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan, " Consolidated Electronic Data Bank (SEDB) about Kazakhstan” - volume 34560 bibliographic records - this is the most complete electronic Bibliographic Database (BBD) about Kazakhstan.
SEBnD about Kazakhstan is an information product of the Kazakhstan Center for Corporate Cataloging (KCCC). The KCCC was created in May 2002, and contains a collection of bibliographic descriptions of all information resources about Kazakhstan located in the collections of the National Library and in the participating libraries of the KCCC, including manuscripts and rare books, audiovisual documents, electronic publications, articles from collections, ongoing and periodical publications
The National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan has created and maintains the Bibliographic Database “Kazakhstan: Past and Present,” which currently contains 221,992 bibliographic records, consisting of a number of thematic and personal databases containing complete coverage of information on various topics. These are the Database “Kozha Ahmed Yassawi” (600 BZ), “Abai” (4500 BZ), “M. Auezov” (7000 BZ), “Returned names” (1900 BZ), “Classics of Kazakh literature” (2160 BZ), “Nursultan Nazarbayev - the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (6600BZ), etc., as well as "Kazakhstan in rare publications", "Social sciences", "Culture. Art. Literature" (14284BZ), "Oil and gas" (10725 BZ).
Access to the electronic catalog for readers is available not only within the library, but also through the website of the National Library. The content of the site is in three languages: state, Russian and English. The library website is a huge center of information about the structure, book wealth, history of the library, a list of services provided, publications of the library of the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the development of librarianship in the republic. In 2004, the website of the National Library was slightly changed and is currently one of the best in the republic. As noted earlier, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides users with its electronic resource at the address: www.nlrk.kz.
.2 Formation and development of bibliographic activities of the National Library
The history of bibliography in Kazakhstan began after the October Revolution. Previously, the overwhelming majority of residents inhabiting the territory of the future Kazakh SSR were illiterate. The first printed publications in Kazakh began to appear in the language only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. In total, several dozen books a year were published in Russian and Kazakh, and even fewer newspapers and magazines. Occasionally on the pages of the latter there were placed lists of published literature, reviews and messages about new books. These were the first beginnings of Kazakh bibliography.
In the 20-30s, book publishing houses often dealt with bibliographic information. Publishing catalogs were a common type of bibliographic aids at that time. Yes, they were released “Catalogue of books of the eastern branch of Kazgosizdat” (Tashkent, 1925), “Catalog of local history newspapers and magazines” (Alma-Ata, 1937), “Catalog of publications 1931-1934.” (Alma-Ata, Kazkrayizdat, 1935), “Catalog of Kazakh literature on the professional movement” (Kzyl-Orda, 1926) and many others.
Rapid development national culture stimulated the compilation of bibliographic works in the Kazakh language. The first major retrospective manual can be considered the one published in two parts “Index of books published in the Kazakh language” (Kzyl-Orda, 1926-1927). It attempts to cover all publications from 1917-1926; 527 books, magazines and newspapers were taken into account.
One of the important areas of bibliographic activity in each republic is the identification and bibliography of literature devoted to it - in general and about individual localities - regardless of what language and where (in the republic or abroad) this literature is published. In Kazakhstan, such work was carried out already in the 20s, but not systematically, it was of a random nature.
In general, bibliography in Kazakhstan, like librarianship, was experiencing growing pains. Mainly scientific and auxiliary retrospective bibliography has received some development. Recommendatory, local history, sectoral and other types of bibliography have practically not yet taken shape. During the years of restoration of the national economy, local history organizations were mainly engaged in compiling local history manuals in Russian; Literature in the Kazakh language was reflected extremely rarely. All this is explained by the absence in the republic of an organizational and methodological center for bibliography and qualified bibliographers, and the weakness of the publishing base.
The next decade (before the start of the Great Patriotic War) was characterized by significant achievements in the organization of bibliographic work in Kazakhstan.
Based on the resolution of the Presidium of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee dated March 12, 1931, the State Public Library of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, after the transformation of the republic into a union - the State Library of the Kazakh SSR named after. A. S. Pushkin.
With the increase in the production of printed works in the republic, there is a need for their accounting, state registration and information about them. With the direct assistance of the All-Union Book Chamber, in July 1937, the center of state bibliography of Kazakhstan, the Book Chamber of the Kazakh SSR, was created. From the first days of its existence, the chamber took measures to publish state bibliographic bodies - “Book Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Journal Articles”. In this way, bibliography of all printed products in Kazakhstan was organized, which was important for the development of all branches of bibliography in the republic.
Since 1933, the bibliographic department of the State Library of the Kazakh SSR named after. A. S. Pushkin began to systematically identify literature devoted to Kazakhstan (in particular, from foreign sources), organize a local history reference apparatus, collect materials in the Kazakh language on history, literature and other issues. The basis for this work was the obligatory (control) copy of all printed materials of the USSR received by the library. In the “Bulletin...” published by the library in 1934 (No. 1/2), its first index about the republic was published - “Livestock husbandry of Kazakhstan” in Kazakh and Russian languages, where 496 books and articles were registered, including 160 in Kazakh language, published in Kazakhstan in 1930-1933. During the period of collectivization, this index was very relevant. The library was prepared and published in two parts, edited by prof. S. D. Asfendiyarov’s collection “The Past of Kazakhstan in Sources and Materials” (Alma-Ata, 1935). It contains excerpts from the most valuable books and articles by Russian and foreign authors, reflecting the historical path of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the 70s of the last century. She also compiled the index “Ore Altai” published by Kazgosizdat (Alma-Ata, 1940), which serves as a supplement to the bibliographic materials published in the collection “Big Altai” (vol. 1-3. L., 1934-1936).
One of the first Kazakh bibliographers, I. Akhmetov, put a lot of work into organizing bibliography and propaganda of literature in the Kazakh language in the library in the 30s.
.3 Current and retrospective bibliographic publications of the National Library
economy, politics, culture, but they themselves actively influence these transformations.
Along with the formation of the fund, other A factor influencing the development of national bibliography is the activities of institutions and libraries to create current universal and retrospective indexes.
Retrospective publications prepared by the largest libraries of the republic, together with publications of the National Book Chamber, form a system in bibliographic information and constitute an important part of bibliographic resources.
Although the share of retrospective indexes in the totality of bibliographic products is relatively small, their importance in the creation “memory of the people” is great.
The leading role in bibliography of printed materials belongs to the National State Book Library Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan, created in 1937. From the first days of its existence, the chamber took measures to publish state bibliographic bodies “Book Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Journal Articles”, etc., which was an important milestone for the development of bibliography in the republic. Publications of the National State Book Chamber are used when compiling a retrospective bibliography and are reviewed to check the completeness of coverage of materials, and also serve as a standard for clarifying bibliographic descriptions in accordance with state standards. Scientific libraries turn to publications of the Book Chamber when preparing retrospective information,
The National Library also makes a significant contribution to the development of retrospective bibliography. From the first days of the library's existence, it was entrusted with the function of a center for local history bibliography. In the first manual prepared here - the index “Livestock Husbandry of Kazakhstan” - published in 1934, 160 titles of books and articles in the Kazakh language were registered. In 1940, the second index “Rudny Altai” (in Russian) was published. During these years, indexes in the Kazakh and Russian languages “Abai”, “Amangeldy”, “Bibliographic index of materials on the history of Kazakhstan” (in Kazakh language) and others were prepared.
Retrospective bibliography of Kazakhstan is a relatively young bibliographic branch. The experiences of the first retrospective indexes date back to 40-50 years.
For many years, one of the most important areas of propaganda of socio-political literature has been the compilation of retrospective indexes of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, the history of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, etc. A “Bibliography on the History of Kazakhstan” has been compiled, covering mainly the pre-revolutionary period, in two editions.
Among the indexes on the history of the republic, a series dedicated to Kazakhstan’s participation in the Great Patriotic War stands out.
The literary bibliography includes the fundamental indexes “Fiction of Kazakhstan 1946-1957” (1958) in Kazakh and Russian languages, “Kazakh literature” (1973), “Uyghur writers” (1982), “Works writers of Kazakhstan in the languages of the peoples of the world" (1934-1985).
Retrospective bibliographical manuals have been created about famous Kazakh educators, writers, scientists: “Abai Kunanbaev” (1965), “Saken Seifullin” (1965), “Chokan Valikhanov” (1967, 1981, 1985), “Beimbet Maylin "(1968), "Mukhtar Auezov" (1968), etc.
An important contribution to the retrospective bibliography was made by the National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan. She published a retrospective yearbook “Bibliography of publications of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR” in several volumes, covering the period from 1932 to the present, “Literature on science and research work in Kazakhstan 1917-1966 (1970), “Bibliographic index on Kazakh linguistics" (1956), etc.
Current retrospective indexes were compiled by employees of the Institute of Literature and Art named after. M. O. Auezov NAS of Kazakhstan - “Kazakh literary connections (1917-1967)” (1968); “Kazakh literature and its connections with the literatures of the peoples of Asia and Africa” (1973). The bibliographic index “Russian Soviet Literature of Kazakhstan” (1917-1980), also published by the institute, contains the most complete information about Russian fiction, literary criticism and criticism of Kazakhstan.
Many sectoral and thematic retrospective indexes have been created by republican scientific branch libraries, special scientific libraries and some research institutions.
In the development of cultural bibliography, as an integral part of the national bibliography, a large role is given to regional universal scientific libraries.
With the creation of a national information system, the role of OUNB in the development of retrospective bibliography will increase. We assume that in the future, OUNB should accumulate materials from current indexes and publish them, as they do, for example, the Chimkent OUNB - “Chimkent region (1980-1985)”, Almaty OUNB - “Alma-Ata region in print for 60 years” , Ural OUNB - “Ural region (1980-1985)”.
In the republic Basically, a certain system of retrospective indexes has developed. The publishing activities of libraries were coordinated according to “Consolidated coordination plan for the publication of bibliographic manuals by libraries of Kazakhstan for 1991-1995.”
However, a lot has changed over the past two years. The true history of Kazakhstan is being restored; many names of the best representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia and historical figures who were erased from people’s memory have been rehabilitated. The purpose of the national bibliography is to identify these documents, facts, names, and to more widely promote local history literature in all areas of development of the republic.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law “0b legal deposit” does not exist, mainly government decrees are issued, for example, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic dated June 22, 1992 No. 548 “On the procedure for distributing a control and legal copy of printed works.” However, institutions and organizations do not always comply with this resolution and do not send their publications to the relevant institutions, i.e., to libraries. Bibliographers spend a lot of time preparing publications, and publishing these manuals is even more difficult. Thus, the National Library has prepared but not published more than five indexes.
There is a need to create a specialized library and bibliographic publishing house.
Another problem is
2.4 Automation of bibliographic processes in Kazakhstan
The state of automation of library work in many libraries in Kazakhstan is characterized mainly by the use of local automated systems (RABIS, IRBIS, KABIS).
Automation of library technologies, including bibliographic processes, is an objective reality of our time. Today, libraries simply do not have the right to lag behind the level of knowledge of users who have advanced far in mastering new information technologies. Users are receiving increasingly complex requests that cannot be handled manually. The user does not care what kind of library it is - large or small, the main thing is that the library must and can promptly provide information not only in documentary, but also in electronic form.
Since 1992, the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan began work on creating an Electronic Catalog using the ABIS (Automated Library and Information System) program, which only covered the process of creating databases, i.e., in fact, the creation of an electronic catalogue. Later, in 1997, the computer center at the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan developed RABIS (Republican Automated Library and Information System), a new Windows version in accordance with the international USMARC format and library GOST, taking into account all the requirements for such systems.
The capabilities of the RABIS system are extensive; it operates on any Local Area Network of the Windows98 operating system. RABIS supports the creation of full-text and hypertext databases, which allows the user to work with full texts of documents and their audio-video Internet applications from anywhere in the world via INTERNET. At the same time, the library provides maximum protection against unauthorized access to its electronic resources.
Today the program operates in 5 modules: RABIS “Cataloguer”, RABIS “Registration of Readers”, RABIS “Search and Order”, RABIS “Book Issue”, RABIS “Internet Module”. The RABIS “Cataloguer” module is installed on the workstations of library department employees and is intended for creating and maintaining an Electronic Catalog, databases and data banks. The module assigns a password to each employee and accordingly allows access to the databases. In the RABIS Module “Registration of Readers” a “Reader” database is created, which is subsequently used in other modules. The RABIS “Book Issuing” module, using data from previous modules, automates the process of issuing books to the reader, exercising further control over the book and the reader. The RABIS “Search and Order” module is intended for readers performing automated searches for bibliographic information. RABIS "Internet module" - supports the work of the Kazakhstan Center for Corporate Cataloging.
About forty databases have been created in the RABIS program, some of which are service databases, and the rest are user databases. The technology for generating electronic catalogs is as follows: catalogers of the document processing department have their own service catalogs, which replenish the databases with new arrivals, edit them, and when transferring a batch of processed documents to the book storage department, export the databases to the main catalogs of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Today, modern Internet technologies are actively developing in Kazakhstan. This opens up real opportunities for effective information services to readers in remote access mode.
Reference and bibliographic services are rightly considered one of the most complex intellectual types of library work. It requires highly qualified employees, appropriate organization of library information resources. With the introduction of computer technology and the involvement of libraries in global information networks, the possibilities of reference and bibliographic services become unlimited.
Today, reference and information services are based on a combination of traditional and non-traditional forms of service. Non-traditional forms of service mean work in an automated mode using computer technologies (personal computers, printers, scanners, the Internet, e-mail).
3. National State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan
.1 History of the creation of the State Book Chamber, the main documents regulating its activities
One of the outstanding cultural achievements of the republic was the creation of a bibliographic center in Kazakhstan - the State Book Chamber of the KazSSR. The emergence of the Book Chamber is historically connected with the development of publishing and the problem of organizing state registration of all printed works published on the territory of Kazakhstan.
With the beginning of the Book Chamber’s activities, the task of satisfying society’s needs for information about publications published by publishing houses in Kazakhstan and their orientation in the document flow was solved.
In 1937, on July 19, the Kazakh Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR adopted a resolution “On the establishment of the State Book Chamber of the Kazakh SSR.” The main tasks, functions, rights and responsibilities of the Book Chamber were determined by the “Regulations on the Book Chamber of the Kazakh SSR”, approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR in 1938.
In the first years of Soviet power, when Kazakhstan was an autonomous republic of the Russian Federation, the functions of the Book Chamber were performed by the State Library (National Library)
As a national center for state bibliography, the KP performs the following functions:
bibliographic registration, accounting of printed works of all types and in all branches of knowledge published in the country, as well as other replicated products (audio and video materials, disks, etc.) in all languages;
release of a system of current information bibliographic indexes;
acquisition of library collections based on the legal deposit system;
centralized cataloging (production of printed bibliographic cards for catalogs and card files of various libraries);
retrospective accounting of printed products;
development of standards and other regulatory documents;
print statistics;
storage and use, as well as restoration of lost parts of the National Repository (state press archive);
maintaining a reference and bibliographic apparatus;
reference and bibliographic services to organizations and institutions, libraries on issues related to the industry (press, book business), problems of state bibliography.
The functions of the Book Chamber can also be determined through the functions of the state bibliography, using for this purpose the classification of functions proposed by B.A. Semenovker.
Document functionsdocument (legal deposit); depository (storage of legal deposit); stock-forming (information about libraries whose collections are formed using legal deposit); archival (memorial) Information functions evaluation (the need to register a particular type of publication); modeling (dividing the document flow into 2 parts: books and other publications and periodicals); registration; international standard numbering function ISBN, ISSN; identifying (bibliographic description); informational (prospective, current publications); statisticalLegal functionscensorship function; normative (unification of output information, for example); legal (GBU are used as an official list of publications approved by censorship) Regulatory (coordination) pedagogical (bibliography and education) National-state National policy in the field of state. bibliography (mandatory copy for universities), i.e. bringing to the public attention of all books and information about them Scientific functions: research; methodical
Over the past years, the Book Chamber (CP) has evolved from a registrar and distributor of printed works between the largest libraries of the republic to a republican center for state bibliography, printing statistics and centralized cataloging, reference and bibliographic work and industry-specific scientific and technical information in the field of publishing, printing and book publishing. trade.
The basis for the bibliographic and statistical activities of the Communist Party was the control copy of printed works published on the territory of the republic.
A distinctive feature of the state bibliography manuals is the maximum volume of reflection of printed works published in Kazakhstan. Information is provided through the release of special indexes - “Chronicles”. By referring to them, readers get an idea of the variety of types and topics of publications.
.2 System of current state signs. Retrospective bibliographic publications of the Book Chamber
One of the first publications of the KP was the “Book Chronicle”, published in 1938 in Russian; a year later it was published in a combined edition in the Kazakh and Russian languages.
During the war, despite the difficult times, the Communist Party was able to publish a quarterly bibliographic collection “The Great Patriotic War” (1945), which registered books and newspaper and magazine articles on military topics.
Since 1946, the annual publication of the Book Chronicle has resumed. It included: “Chronicle of musical works”, “Chronicle of printed works of fine art”. Currently, this publication is called “Chronicle of Printing”, which is published monthly combining five types of chronicles: book, music, fine arts, abstracts and periodicals. Each chronicle number corresponds to the month in which the materials were recorded. The chronicle of periodicals is published once a year.
At the end of the year, based on the Chronicles, the bibliographic index “Yearbook of the Book” is compiled. It has been published since 1971. The Yearbook reflects scientific, popular science, educational, and fiction literature published over the past year in Kazakh, Russian, Uyghur and other languages. It should be noted that in KP publications all information about printed works is arranged in a systematic order. This makes it possible to highlight the literature on each individual branch of knowledge. The Yearbook contains auxiliary indexes: personal and book titles, which significantly expands its reference and information capabilities.
One of the main publications of the Communist Party, providing comprehensive and complete information published on the pages of the periodical press of the republic, was the “Chronicle of Articles and Reviews”. It included: “Chronicle of Magazine Articles” (since 1938), “Chronicle of Newspaper Articles” (since 1957), and “Chronicle of Reviews” (since 1957). Since 1993, the named “Chronicles” have each been published independently. “Chronicle of Magazine Articles” and “Chronicle of Newspaper Articles” are published monthly, “Chronicle of Reviews” - twice a year, because the number of reviews is small. At the same time, the volume of the Chronicles has increased: the Chronicle of Journal Articles has an average of 13-14 pp. For comparison, the previous “Chronicle” was published on 14-15 pp. Currently, the volume of the “Chronicle of the Press” has decreased, because Book output decreased. In the “Chronicle of Press” the material is arranged according to language: Kazakh, Russian. Books in the Uyghur and Kyrgyz languages are placed in the Kazakh part, after the book section, the description is in the original language. Music and literary editions are located in the Kazakh part after the book section, because Most of these publications are published in Kazakh. Books in Korean, German and other languages are described in Russian with the original language indicated in the note. The Russian part contains information about abstracts of dissertations.
The first issue of the "Chronicle of the Press" includes the "Chronicle of Periodicals", the card index of which is prepared by the reception and control department, and edited by the Russian group of the state department. bibliography, which also performs the functions of the editorial and publishing department. “Chronicle of Periodicals” introduces readers to a list of newspapers and magazines, collections of scientific works published during the previous year.
Since 1967, the Communist Party has published an index “Kazakhstan in the press of the USSR”, which published information about the political, economic and cultural life of Kazakhstan, published in the press of the USSR, and works of Kazakh authors published outside the republic. Since 1967, the Communist Party has published an index “Kazakhstan in the press of the USSR and foreign countries.” The index was published quarterly; it contained information about publications telling about the political, economic and cultural life of Kazakhstan, published on the territory of the USSR (except Kazakhstan) and in foreign countries, as well as information about the works of Kazakh authors published outside the republic and the USSR. After the books, information was published about abstracts of dissertations, collections of mixed content, art publications, music editions and reviews. Due to the collapse of the USSR, difficulties arose in the publication of this index: connections with the Book Chambers of Russia and other republics of the Soviet Union fell apart.
All publications of the KP have auxiliary indexes. The main auxiliary index is the nominal one, which is available in all indexes; in the Yearbook - an index of titles, an index of periodicals, an index of languages (except Russian); in “Kazakhstanik” - a geographical index.
One of the functions of the CP is to carry out statistical development of current printed products. KP (press statistics department) prepares summary reports: quarterly, 9 months, annual. Each of these reports contains dozens of tables that characterize the press according to a number of indicators - subject matter, purpose, place and language of publication. Based on these tables, statistical materials “The Seal of the Kazakh SSR for ... the year” were produced.
For reference and bibliographic work of libraries, statistical collections are the only and irreplaceable sources on issues of statistics and press accounting. In 2005, the book “Book Publishing of Sovereign Kazakhstan” was published, the author of which is B. Asylbekova (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University). This book will fill the gaps in statistical information about book publishing activities in Kazakhstan during the years of independence. Since 1991, the statistics department has completely switched to automated document processing.
The Communist Party paid great attention to the publication of retrospective indexes of printed works. Retrospective indexes provided (provide) information about publications for previous years, incl. about those that were not recorded at the time for some reason. Since the existence of the KP, 3 4 names of retrospective indexes have been prepared and released along with the indicated summary statistical materials. Among them there are pointers that do not lose their relevance. In general, all publications of the Communist Party, both in content and significance, can never be written off, because this is the property of the national (state) bibliography of Kazakhstan.
KP has compiled such retrospective indexes as: “Book of Soviet Kazakhstan”, which collectively covered publications published in Kazakh and Russian languages in 1917-1970; consolidated “Index of bibliographical aids of the KazSSR” in 2 parts (1981-1985), the continuation of this index was the “Index of bibliographical aids of the Kazakh SSR”, currently - “Index of bibliographical aids of the Republic of Kazakhstan”; “Index of journal articles. 1917-1930"; “Index of Reviews” (from 1938 to 1980); “Newspapers of the Kazakh SSR. 1917-1975"; “Periodic and ongoing publications of the Kazakh SSR” (from 1917 to 1985); “Publishing the works of V.I. Lenin in Kazakhstan 1918-1989"; “Works of writers of Kazakhstan in the languages of the peoples of the USSR. (1917-1980)”, etc. All indexes were published in Kazakh and Russian languages, some of them in collaboration with the National Library.
Since 1961, KP began publishing printed index cards, which have been published with annotations since 1973. That is, KP has become a center for centralized cataloging. Due to the low power of the printing house, printed catalog cards were produced very late, and because of this they turned out to be ineffective for acquiring collections in many libraries and organizing catalogs. In order to speed up the production of annotated cards, since 1986, the preparation of the card manuscript was carried out according to the latest proofs. This significantly reduced the time required to prepare cards. But this did not solve the problem of efficiency. Since 1987, by decision of the State Committee for Publishing of the Kazakh SSR, with the consent of the Ministry of Culture, printed annotated cards began to be produced using the rotaprint printing method. The library does not receive printed cards because... Sending them by mail requires large financial expenses.
3.3 Current state, problems and prospects for improving the activities of the Book Chamber
The extensive system of state bibliography in the former Soviet Union was considered one of the best in the world. This was also recognized at the international conference of library workers in Ankara, where the President of the National Library of Turkey Altynay Sernikli said that in the technology of library processes, in methodological and library work, libraries of the former USSR have gone far ahead. With the collapse of the USSR and the creation of the CIS, book publishing houses experienced a great crisis: the number of books published decreased, the market was filled with mass consumer goods, and many publishing houses switched to publishing detective stories and science fiction. In Kazakhstan, the problems with book publishing are the same as in other regions of the CIS. If five years ago we proudly said that the chamber had received 3,500 book titles, then as of 01/01/1993 only 1,300 books and brochures were registered. The number of published scientific works decreased from 17 volumes in 1987 to 1 volume in 1992. But during this period the production of periodicals intensified. The number of magazines over five years (1987-1992) increased from 36 to 58 titles, and newspapers from 456 to 546 titles. Currently, the number of published products has increased and become diverse in terms of types (types), topics, and intended purposes. But information about new publications is difficult to obtain. For the past five years, the Knigolyub newspaper has published information about new literature published in Kazakhstan on the basis of a control copy received by the KP, but from 2005 consumers will not receive this information. Publications of the Communist Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan are inaccessible to either individuals or legal entities, because The activities of the National Book Chamber are not covered in special publications and there is no information in the subscription catalogs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In 1993, the International Congress in Defense of the Book was held in Moscow, in which Kazakhstan also took part. The Congress adopted an appeal to the heads of the CIS to adopt an agreement on cooperation between the CIS countries in the field of book publishing, legislation on publishing, library, and information activities in modern conditions. One of the documents adopted by the CIS countries in the field of book publishing was the resolution of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States “On the advisory legislative act “On a unified policy in the field of legal deposit of documents” dated May 13, 1995. But, unfortunately, in our republic there is no law on legal deposit. Its absence complicates international book exchange and other events in the field of book and library science.
In the last decade, structural changes have occurred in KP: the departments of scientific and technical information and the sociology of books have been liquidated, and the statistics department has been disbanded. The reorganization was aimed at concentrating on the production of chronicles and indexes, but there were no positive results. The increase in the number of titles of magazines and newspapers required an increase in the volume of chronicles of articles and reviews, as well as staffing the state bibliography department with additional personnel.
All publications of the KP, except for retrospective indexes, are printed on rotaprint. Currently, issues of automation of workplaces and the introduction of information technologies into many processes of the enterprise are being resolved.
Recently, the volume of reference and bibliographic work has decreased. Previously, the CP issued more than 200 written and 5,000 oral certificates annually. Requests have been and continue to be received from socio-political organizations, publishing houses, libraries, and scientific institutions. We also note that certificates are currently paid, and this also leads to their reduction.
One of the latest achievements of the National State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the introduction of the International Standard Book Numbering system. According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 6, 1993, the KP is entrusted with the function of ISBN and ISSN agencies.
International Standard Book Numbering is one of the product coding systems used in international practice. The implementation of the system makes it possible to improve the management of book publishing and information practices in the context of production automation based on the use of a universal ISBN code that uniquely identifies each book published in the country.
For two years, the International Agency has been studying book publishing activities in Kazakhstan. And in 1995, a decision was made to accept the National State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan into the ISBN Agency. Today, the Communist Party of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the only bibliographic center of the Republic of Kazakhstan where you can obtain complete bibliographic information about the printed products of the republic.
As a member of the ISBN Agency, KP quarterly informs about book production in our republic, about erroneous and doublet ISBNs, as well as about violations of the international standard. This information is submitted twice a year to the International Directory of Publisher Identifiers. The annual “International Index of Publications” provides information about publishing houses and publishing organizations (address, telephone, fax, editor, director, affiliation with the publishing house, etc.). In addition, KP sends information to the ISBN News magazine and regularly prepares a certificate to UNESCO about the publishing activities of Kazakhstan.
World practice shows that the introduction of bar coding in the book trade increases economic indicators in this industry and stimulates the growth of exports of domestic publications abroad. Barcoding allows you to control large flows of books, optimize the ordering system, and carry out operational control and accounting of incoming and sold books. KP RK is the holder of the Kazakhstan bibliographic data bank and the National ISBN Agency.
In 1994, a Presidential Decree was issued on assigning the book chamber the status of the National State Book Chamber of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Decree, in particular, states that the Cabinet of Ministers needs to take measures to improve the material and technical base of the book chamber and find funds for construction new building. Then there will be a real opportunity to expand the activities of the chamber.
Now the chamber is seeking additional funds in the spirit of modern market relations. A small enterprise “Kitap” has been created at the chamber, which specializes in the production of rare pre-revolutionary books. Materials are taken from the archives of the chamber.
Information and bibliographic publications of the chamber are not sold in bookstores; they are distributed through library collectors on the order of regional book dealers. But many libraries in the republic don’t even know about them. Therefore, the number of KP publications received by the libraries of the republic is decreasing every year.
In this way, bibliography of all printed products in Kazakhstan was organized, which was important for the development of all branches of bibliography in the republic. The activities of the Book Chamber are of great importance in the creation of state bibliographic indexes, which are the basis of all types of bibliographic works.
Conclusion
National Bibliography is one of indicators of the development of national culture. Publications of the national bibliography not only reflect changes in the field economy, politics, culture, but they themselves actively influence these transformations. National libraries, along with other institutions, directly influence the development of national bibliography. Along with the formation of the fund, they are doing a lot of work to create current universal and retrospective indexes.
Testifying to the country’s achievements in cultural development, retrospective indexes are also a source for comprehensive research, the basis for the creation of sectoral and issue-thematic manuals, an important aid for historians and researchers.
Retrospective publications prepared by the National Library of the Republic, together with publications of the National Book Chamber, form a system universal benefits that provide for a variety of needs in bibliographic information and constitute an important part of the country's bibliographic resources.
Currently, the true history of Kazakhstan is being restored; many names of the best representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia and historical figures who were erased from people’s memory have been rehabilitated. The purpose of the national bibliography is to identify these documents, facts, names, and to more widely promote local history literature in all areas of development of the republic.
In most countries, the development of national bibliography is determined by the interrelationship of the following factors: the presence and functioning of the legal deposit law; activities of the national bibliographic center; preparation and publication of indexes of the current national bibliography and retrospective national bibliography.
Legislation on legal deposit serves as the basis on which the acquisition of library collections, primarily national ones, with printed publications of the country is carried out in order to provide materials for the preparation and publications of the current national bibliography.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law “0b legal deposit” does not exist, mainly government decrees are issued, for example, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic dated June 22, 1992 No. 548 “On the procedure for distributing a control and legal copy of printed works.” However, institutions and organizations do not always comply with this resolution and do not send their publications to the relevant institutions, i.e., to libraries. Bibliographers spend a lot of time preparing publications, and publishing these manuals is even more difficult. There is a need to create a specialized library and bibliographic publishing house.
Another problem is huge amounts of time spent processing the same primary sources. Alone and the same publications are duplicated by several libraries and the book chamber.
It is necessary to develop a unified program for creating a retrospective national bibliography in Kazakhstan, determine the optimal model of bibliographic aids for the implementation of this program.
List of sources used
1 Badar I. The phenomenon of national culture / Badar I., Leonchikov V.E., Bushueva O.V. // World of bibliography. - 2003. -№1. - P. 6-9.
Badarkhan I. National bibliography in theory and practice / Badarkhan A., Leonchikov V.E. // World of bibliography. - 2003. -№2. - P. 2-6.
Gudovshchikova I.V. General foreign bibliography: textbook / Gudovshchikova I.V., Lyutova K.V. - M.: Book, 1978. - 224 p.
Bibliology: encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. N.M. Sikorsky. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1982. - 664 p.
5 Berdigalieva R. The future of the national bibliography of Kazakhstan / Berdigalieva R. // Kitapkhana == Library. - 1994. - No. 3. -P.14-23.
6 Bekmukhamedov K.Sh. Development of bibliography in Kazakhstan during the years of Soviet power / K.Sh. Bekmukhamedov // Soviet bibliography. -1978. - No. 1. - P. 12-30.
7 State, objectives and development of national bibliography in Kazakhstan // Dauletova N.K. State Library of the Kazakh SSR named after. A.S. Pushkin. - Alma.-Ata, 1974. - P.46-51.
8 Tulesheva M. The role of retrospective bibliography in the development of national bibliography / Tulesheva M. // Kitapkhana == Library. - 1994. - No. 3. -P.33-36.
9 Asubekova N. National State Book Chamber // Kitapkhana=Library. - 1994. - No. 3. - P.48-54.
Topic 3. National bibliography in Central and Eastern European countries
History of the development of national bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century is the period of the emergence of national bibliographic registration. The main directions and features of the development of national bibliographic accounting during the period of socialist development. The high theoretical and methodological level and the state nature of the national bibliography are the main resulting features of this period.
General characteristics of the national bibliography of Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland. Features of the development and current state of the national bibliography of these countries.
Topic 4. World bibliography
The concepts of “world bibliography” and “international bibliography”. The history of the creation of bibliographic indexes with worldwide coverage of documents. The emergence of international cooperation in the field of bibliography (late 19th - early 20th centuries) in connection with the emergence of national library and bibliographic societies and the internationalization of science. Main stages in the development of international bibliographic cooperation. The role of the International Scientific, Cultural and Educational Organization of the United Nations (UNESCO), the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), the International Federation for Documentation (FID), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and other international non-governmental organizations in the solution problems of international bibliographic cooperation.
Universal Bibliographic Accounting (UBR) is the first international bibliographic program. The current stage of its implementation is associated with unification with another international program MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). The scientific and technological revolution and the creation of the global information system UNISIST (World System of Scientific and Technical Information) and the need to develop the concept of the NATIS (National Information Systems) program. International program CIP (Cataloging in Publication) as the basis for creating an international data bank of promising bibliographic information.
International bibliographic cooperation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of socialist construction. Creation of MSTTI (International System of Scientific and Technical Information) and ICSTI (International Center for Scientific and Technical Information).
World book indexes. Use of printed catalogs from the largest libraries in the UK, USA, France and Germany. World bibliographic indexes of periodicals. Creation of the International Center for Automated Serial Publishing System in Paris. International bibliographic accounting of journal publications. World Bibliography of Bibliography.
Modern information technologies and problems of forming electronic bibliographic data bases: archiving and bibliographic reflection of electronic resources of local and remote access. OCLC (Online Computer Library Center): goals and structure of bibliographic activities.
Topic 5. Foreign reference publications
National universal encyclopedias and their place in the system of reference publications in foreign countries. National encyclopedic publications as a level of reflection of the development of a nation.
“Encyclopedia or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” by Diderot and D'Alembert as the first national universal encyclopedia. The main encyclopedic publications of Great Britain, France, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada. History and traditions of their publication. The current stage in the preparation of encyclopedic publications, associated with the use of non-traditional media and the creation of electronic versions.
Encyclopedic publications of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Historical features and main trends in their preparation and release.
Preparation of multimedia encyclopedic publications on electronic media and on the INTERNET is the modern stage of encyclopedic book publishing.
The importance of biobibliographic publications and their place in the system of reference publications. Retrospective and current biobibliographic publications. Biobibliographic publications such as “Who is Who” as the main type of current biobibliographic reference books. Features of their formation and structure. Characteristics of the main national biobibliographic publications in the UK, USA, France, Germany, Canada, Italy and Spain. Methodology for their use in reference work.
Project “World Biographical Archive” of the German publishing company “K.G.Saur”: principles of formation and organizational structure.
Topic 6. Publishing and bookselling bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe
General characteristics of publishing and bookselling bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe at the present stage. The period of socialist construction is an important stage in the formation and development of the system of publishing and bookselling bibliographic information in these countries, its positive features.
Characteristics of the publishing and bookselling bibliography system
Bulgaria, Hungary, Eastern Germany, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia. Questions of the theory of publishing and bookselling bibliography in the works of Bulgarian, Polish and German authors. Problems of the modern stage.
Topic 7. Publishing and bookselling bibliography in Western Europe and North America
General characteristics of modern publishing and bookselling bibliography in developed capitalist countries. Classification of publishing and bookselling bibliographic aids of foreign companies. Commodity-thematic attribute as one of the species-forming factors in the classification of bibliographic aids. Two levels of reflection of the bookselling assortment: national and branded.
Publishing and bookselling bibliography of the United States. The system of bibliographic aids of the company “R.Bowker LLC” and its national significance. Publishing and bookselling bibliography of Great Britain and the activities of Whitaker & Sons Ltd. Publishing and bookselling bibliography of France and Germany. New information technologies in the preparation and release of bibliographic materials, creation of national databases of publishing and bookselling bibliographic information.
General characteristics of publishing and bookselling bibliography in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Topic 8. Bibliographic services at international book fairs
The history of book fairs in medieval Europe and the emergence of the first international fair centers. International book exhibitions and fairs as an important and developing form of international cooperation in the field of book publishing and book distribution.
Organization of the activities of Information Centers and creation of fair bibliographic materials in book and electronic form.
Conclusion
A brief overview of the material studied, its use in the study of other disciplines and prospects for applying the acquired knowledge in practice - in the conditions of the activities of library and bibliographic institutions, publishing and bookselling enterprises. Modern problems and directions for studying the history of world bibliography. Formation of a unified international information space at the present stage.
2.5. Organization of independent work
Name of topics sections | Types and forms of independent work * (distribution by hours, by forms of study) |
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Preparation for practical (seminar, laboratory work) | Preparation abstracts (reports, messages and information materials, etc.) | Doing homework control and other tasks) | Preparation for intermediate certification work (including colloquium, testing, etc.) | Preparation (exam) |
|||||||||||
| Full-time | Part-time | Correspondence | Full-time | Part-time | Correspondence | Full-time | Part-time | Correspondence | Full-time | Part-time | Correspondence | Full-time | Part-time | Correspondence | |
Introduction Topic 1. | |||||||||||||||
* other forms of CPC may be offered
3. EDUCATIONAL AND METHODICAL MATERIALS ON DISCIPLINE3.1. Basic literature1. Bagrova I.Yu. National libraries and problems of the development of librarianship abroad at the end - beginning of the century. M.: Pashkov House, 2004. 500 p.
2/ Wiggins B. Selection of materials for national bibliographies in the digital era // Bibliography. 2008. No. 4. pp. 147-149.
3. Issues of national bibliography: 1X International meeting of experts / NGO “All-Union Book Chamber”. M., 1991. 168 p.
4. Gruzinova L.B. Bibliography. Section 2: Foreign bibliography: textbook. M., 2003. 284 p.
5. Gruzinova L.B. Foreign bibliography: lecture notes. M.: Publishing house MGAP “World of Books”, 1995. 64 p.
6. Gruzinova L.B. Foreign bibliography: textbook. allowance. M.: Publishing house MGAP “World of Books”, 1997. 164 p.
7. Gudovshchikova I.V. General foreign bibliography: textbook. manual / Gudovshchikova I.V., Lyutova K.V. M.: Book, 1978. 224 p.
8. Dzhigo A.A. At the 72nd IFLA Congress / A.A. Jigo, K.M. Sukhorukov, A.V. Teplitskaya // Bibliography. 2007. No. 1. P. 146-158. 10. Dzhigo A.A. IFLA World Congress of Librarians and Information Workers / A.A. Jigo, E.M. Sukhorukova // Bibliography. 2008. No. 2. P. 145-152. 11. Knutsen U. Electronic national bibliographies: a review of the current state // Scientific. and tech. b-ki. 2004. No. 4. P. 88-95.
12. National bibliography, publishing in Asia and Africa / resp. ed. K.V. Lyutova; BKA USSR Academy of Sciences. L., 1985. 119 p.
13. Problems of national bibliography: collection of scientific works. / BKA USSR Academy of Sciences. L., 1990. 183 p.
15. Semenovker B.A. Bibliographic monuments of Byzantium. M.: Archaeogr. Center, 1995. 222 p.
16. Semenovker B.A. National bibliography in Latin American countries: (emergence, development, current state) / VGBIL. M., 1974. 251 p.
17. Simon K.R. Favorites. M.: Book, 1984. - 240 p.
18. Simon K.R. History of foreign bibliography. M.: Publishing House of the All-Union Book. Chambers, 1963. 763 p.
19. Trends in the development of world bibliography – international and national / St. Petersburg. state Academy of Culture; scientific ed. I.L.Polotovskaya. - St. Petersburg, 1995. – 124 p. 20. UNIMARC MANUAL: Guide to UNIMARC: Guide to the use of the UNIMARC communication format / ed. B.P. Holta et al. - M., 1992. – 319 p. 21. UNIMARC manual: Bibliographic format: UNIMARC manual for bibliographers. data: per. from English / under general ed. Y.L.Shreiberg. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M., 1999. - 147 p.
3.2.Additional literature
22. Verevkina A.N. General biographical and biobibliographical dictionaries of foreign countries: textbook / Moscow. int culture. M., 1970. 70 p.
23. Verevkina A.N. Ways of development of biobibliographic information // Library science and bibliogr. abroad. 1989. Sat.121. pp. 37-55.
24. Volkova T.B. Past and present of German encyclopedias // Bibliogr. 2008. No. 3. P. 151-159.
25. Gudovshchikova I.V. General foreign encyclopedias: textbook. allowance / LGIK. L., 1963. 88 p.
26. Semenovker B.A. Information culture: from papyrus to compact disks // Bibliogr. 1994. No. 1. P. 11-14.
27. Semenovker B.A. National or state? / Semenovker B.A., Muratov A.M. // Sov. bibliogr. 1990. No. 4. pp. 33-36.
28. Sukhorukov K.M. Publications of the company R.R.Bowker and information support for the book business // Scientific-technical. achievements and best experience in the region. ed. affairs, printing industry and book trade / Informpechat. 1991. Issue 5. pp. 7-19.
29. Shomrakova I.A. Book publishing in developing countries of Africa: textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg: State Institute of Culture, 1991. 79 p.
3.2.List of visual and other aids, methodological instructions for conducting specific types of training sessions, as well as methodological materials for technical means used in the educational process
Presentation complex for the discipline: electronic format, national bibliographic indexes of foreign countries, publishing and bookselling bibliographic materials of foreign countries.
Internet access options
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions - IFLA: [Electronic resource]. Available at: .
US Library of Congress: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www. lc.gov.
Automated library center with interactive access: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.oclc.org.
Britannica: encyclopedia: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www..
Information base of the company “R.R.Bowker LLC”: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.bowker. com.
Book trade in Germany: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.buchhandel. de.
National bibliographic indexes of foreign countries (from the department’s funds)
National universal encyclopedias of foreign countries (from the department’s funds)
Bibliographic materials of foreign publishing and bookselling companies (from the department’s funds)
Foreign periodicals (magazines) on book publishing (from the department’s funds)
Bibliography. Section 1. General bibliography. Section 2. Foreign bibliography: tasks and method. instructions for independent work for 2nd year students in specialty 520700 / E.M. Sukhorukova, L.B. Gruzinova. M., 2001. 46 pp.
Foreign bibliography: assignments for practical purposes. classes and independent work on special. 021600 / L.B. Gruzinova. M., 1999. 22 p.
PROTOCOL
COORDINATION OF THE WORK PROGRAM WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES OF THE SPECIALTYFOR THE 2008/09 SCHOOL YEAR
| Name of disciplines, the study of which is based on this discipline | Department | Proposals for changes in the proportions of the material, the order of presentation, etc. | Decision made (protocol No. date) by the department that developed the program |
ADDITIONS AND CHANGES IN THE WORK PROGRAM
FOR 2008/2009 ACADEMIC YEAR
The following changes are being made to the work program:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The work program was revised and approved at the meeting
Head of the Department of Book Studies and Book Propaganda
______________________/ A.A. Belovitskaya/
I approve the changes made
Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs
T.V. Markelova
<<______>>____________2008
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