Traffic rules and the history of their creation.

Purpose of the lesson : introduce students to the history of the creation of traffic rules, test knowledge of current traffic rules.

Equipment : new traffic regulations.

Attempts to introduce rules for driving on streets and roads were made back when horse-drawn carriages reigned supreme. In 1863, a personal decree was issued in Russia “said to people of different ranks” by Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich: “The great sovereigns knew what happened,” it was written in it, “that many taught to ride in a sleigh on the reins with large whips and, driving along the street , they casually beat people.” The decree categorically prohibited driving horses with reins. Then it was believed that in order for the coachman to see the road better, he must control the horse while sitting astride it.

In 1730, a new decree was issued: “Carriers and others of all ranks should ride, having horses bridled, with all fear and caution, at attention.”

In 1742, a decree appeared that said: “If anyone rides horses quickly, they should be caught through police commands and the horses sent to the empress’s stable.”

In 1812, rules were introduced that established right-hand traffic, speed limits, requirements for the technical condition of crews, and the introduction of license plates. These were attempts to organize the movement of crews. There were no systematic rules for driving on roads at that time. Pedestrian traffic was chaotic and disorganized. When steam and then gasoline cars appeared, new attempts followed, both in Russia and abroad, to ensure traffic safety.

Some of them can only make us smile now. So, for example, in England, a man with a red flag walked ahead of a steam carriage and warned those oncoming about the approach of the steam engine, and at the same time pacified the frightened carriage horses. In France, the speed of gasoline cars in populated areas should not exceed the speed of a pedestrian. In Germany, the owner of the car was obliged to tell the police the day before which road the “gasoline cart” would go. Driving at night was generally prohibited. If the driver found himself on the road at night, he had to stop and wait for the morning.

In those days there were very few cars in Russia, so safety issues were not yet so pressing. But as the years passed, the number of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trams and other vehicles increased. The task of creating road safety conditions required its solution.

In Russia, already in 1897, the City Dumas of Moscow and St. Petersburg were already considering the issue of establishing special rules for “automatic carriages,” and three years later, the “Mandatory Resolution on the procedure for passenger and freight traffic in the city of St. Petersburg by car” was approved. This document consisted of 46 paragraphs and established requirements for drivers and cars, driving procedures and parking rules. Thus, a driving permit could be obtained by a citizen at least 21 years old, literate and able to speak Russian, subject to successful passing of the driving test. Cars had to be registered and have two license plates (front and rear). an annual mandatory technical inspection was provided for in the period from March 1 to April 1. The maximum permitted speed in Moscow was 20 versts per hour, and for cars weighing more than 350 pounds - 12 versts per hour. Paragraph 41 of this resolution stated: “If the approach of an automatic carriage causes anxiety among the horses, the driver must slow down and, if necessary, stop.”

We find the first mention of the Traffic Rules in the “Instructions on the use of cars and motorcycles and the rules of movement in Moscow and its environs in 1918.” Two years later, the Traffic Rules were approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This historical document marked the beginning of the development of Soviet legislation in the field of road safety. The decree included basic requirements for the behavior of drivers, as well as rules for registration and technical control of motor vehicles. The speed of vehicles was regulated: for cars - 25 versts per hour, for trucks - 15 versts per hour. At the same time, at night the speed for all vehicles, except firefighters, was limited to 10 versts per hour.

To facilitate traffic, road signs, traffic lights and road markings began to be used. The first 4 signs indicating the presence of danger, with symbols of an intersection, a railway crossing, a winding road, and uneven roads, were approved in 1909 by the Paris Convention on Road Traffic. The international system of road signs was supplemented in 1926 by two more - “unguarded railway crossing” and “Stopping is required”. In 1931, at the next conference on road traffic in Geneva, the number of signs was increased to 26, classified into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative. Remember how many groups of signs are in these rules (7) and how many signs (231).

Before the Second World War, there were two main systems of road signs in various countries around the world, one of which was based on the use of symbols, the other on the use of inscriptions. After the end of the Second World War, an attempt was made to create a unified road signaling system for all countries of the world.

In 1949, at the next conference on road traffic in Geneva, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Protocol on Road Signs were adopted.

Until 1940, there were no uniform rules in our country, and their development and approval fell under the competence of local authorities. In 1940, the first standard traffic rules were approved, on the basis of which more or less uniform rules began to be created locally.

The first, uniform for the entire country, Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR were introduced in 1961 (they were based on the 1949 convention), then they were finalized and existed until 1973, when they were replaced by the Rules of the Road, based at the 1968 and 1971 conventions.

Since the introduction of the Rules in 1973, significant changes have occurred in the practice of organizing traffic in our country, so they have undergone changes and additions several times. The latest traffic rules were put into effect on July 1, 1994. What new did they bring?

There was a requirement for mandatory use of seat belts and equipping cars with first aid kits and fire extinguishers; The responsibilities of pedestrians and drivers are separated into separate sections. Traffic lights and traffic controller signals are combined into one section. A new section “Priority of route vehicles” has appeared; benefits for disabled drivers have been clarified; the procedure for the movement of vehicles equipped with special light and sound signals is regulated in more detail; new terms have been introduced (“Road user”, “Forced stop”, “Lack of visibility”, “Sidewalk”, “Pedestrian path”, “Pedestrian crossing”, etc.). The concept of “overtaking” is interpreted in a fundamentally new way. Now overtaking is considered to be the advance of a vehicle associated with leaving the occupied lane, and not just with entering the oncoming lane.

Certain changes have been made to the “movement speed” section. In populated areas, all vehicles have a single speed limit of 60 km/h. Motorcyclists are allowed a speed limit of 90 km/h on roads outside populated areas; a speed limit of 110 km/h on highways is included for cars, as well as for trucks with a permissible maximum weight of 3.5 tons.

Safety requirements for transporting people in trucks have become more stringent. The appendix to the Rules includes a list of conditions relating to the technical condition and equipment under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.

In the remaining time during the lesson, repeat the traffic rules regarding the questions from previous lessons, solve road problems or sort out an accident.

Additional education teacher

Akhmetzyanova Gulchachak Khamisovna

NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "RUSSIAN TECHNICAL SCHOOL"

"TRAFFIC LAWS "

“General provisions. Basic concepts and terms"

Lesson #1

In this lesson we will get acquainted with the basic concepts and terms that you will encounter when studying the Rules of the Road. In the text of the Rules, for ease of use of the Rules, terms are given in alphabetical order. We will generalize the terms according to their semantic affiliation and consider them in connection with each other or the object with which these terms are inextricably linked. We will study some of the terms in other lessons, in the context of these lessons.
After studying this section of the Rules, we must interpret and understand all the terms found in the Rules uniformly, which will be the key to successfully mastering the material in subsequent lessons.

Let's start with the term " ROAD» which should be understood “...a strip of land or the surface of an artificial structure adapted and used for the movement of vehicles...” .

Vehicles traveling on roads are treated as " MOTOR VEHICLES", driven by a motor (cars, buses, motorcycles, mopeds, tractors), and not mechanical, VEHICLES, which can be any “devices designed for the transport by road of people, goods or equipment installed on it” (e.g. bicycles and horse-drawn carts). They move along the roads and pedestrians.
Under the term " PEDESTRIAN"The rules mean" ...a person who is outside a vehicle on a road, or on a pedestrian or bicycle path and does not perform work on it. Persons using wheelchairs are treated as pedestrians without engine driving a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, carrying a sled, cart, baby or wheelchair, as well as using roller skates, scooters and other similar means for transportation ».
Pedestrians are "ROAD TRAFFIC USERS" on a par with vehicle drivers and their passengers. All “...road users are required to know and comply with the requirements of the Rules that apply to them...” , and also “...act in such a way as not to create a danger to traffic and not cause harm...”, “... persons who violate the rules are liable in accordance with current legislation...” .
« PASSENGER" - a person who is in a vehicle (other than the driver), enters or exits it.
« DRIVER» - a person driving a vehicle, a driver leading pack animals, riding animals or a herd along the road. A driving instructor is treated as a driver ».

To TRAFFIC, was orderly and safe - the roads are asphalted, road markings are applied to the road surface, road signs are installed, lighting is provided, and other arrangements are made.
The road includes:

one or more roadways;

dividing strips.

• sidewalks;

  tram tracks;

Drawing "Road". A AndB– roadways;IN – dividing strip with axial fencing of roadways in the opposite direction (A and B);ABOUT -1 – 4 – traffic lanes; 1.2.1 – type of horizontal road marking (solid line – indicates the edge of the roadway).

ROADWAY roads “...designed for the movement of trackless vehicles”.
The roadway is divided into "TRAFFIC LANE". The number of lanes on the road is determined by the markings that are applied to the road surface and/or signs 5.15.1 - 5.15.2 “direction of traffic along lanes/strip”,
and if there are no markings or signs, then by the drivers themselves, taking into account the width of the roadway and the dimensions of their vehicles. Because “Right-hand traffic for vehicles is established on the roads of the Russian Federation” - then the side intended for oncoming traffic on two-way roads is considered to be half the width of the carriageway located on the left.
If the roadway is divided into lanes by marking lines, drivers must drive their vehicles strictly along the designated lanes in one row. It is prohibited to cross solid marking lines (except for the solid line separating the roadway from the side of the road). You can drive over broken marking lines, but this should only be done when changing lanes to perform a maneuver (for example, overtaking, passing, turning, turning, etc.).

If the road has a median, the median will “split” the road into two carriageways. It turns out that a road without a dividing strip has one carriageway, with a dividing strip - two carriageways, with two dividing strips - three carriageways, etc.
SEPARATION STRIPE – “a road element identified structurally or using markings 1.2.1...” (see picture “Road”).
IN SETTLED AREAS, by which the Traffic Rules mean not just any territory built up with residential buildings, but - "built-up area, Entries to and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 - 5.26" ,

some streets may have a boulevard layout - when in the middle part of the street there is an area of ​​green space used for walking and recreation for citizens - according to the traffic rules, called pedestrians. The boulevard, like the median strip, also divides the road into two carriageways. If a road has one or more “back-ups,” the sections between the carriageways of such roads will also have the “status” of a dividing strip. It should be understood that the dividing strip does not necessarily divide the road into carriageways in opposite directions of movement.

Part of the roadway may be allocated for the movement of cyclists or route vehicles.

CYCLING LANE, as a rule, is located on the right of the roadway, separated from the rest of the roadway by a solid marking line and indicated by signs 5.14.2 and 5.14.3.

Cyclist lanes are permitted only for bicycles and mopeds. Other vehicles are prohibited from using this lane.

The dedicated lane for route vehicles is separated from the rest of the roadway by a continuous or broken line marking. The marking 1.23.1 is applied to the road surface in the form of a capital letter “ A" The lane is indicated by signs 5.11 and 5.14. Before entering a road with a lane for route vehicles, signs 5.13.1 or 5.13.2 are installed.

Driving in the lane is permitted only for route vehicles, passenger taxis, school buses and cyclists. If the lane for route vehicles is separated from the roadway by a broken marking line, then the lane can be entered to disembark and pick up a passenger, provided that no interference is created for route vehicles.

« ROUTE VEHICLE – a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram) intended for transporting people on roads and moving along a set route with designated stopping places.”
Taxi, for example, although it carries passengers, it is not a route vehicle because it has neither an established route nor designated stops.
Minibus taxi moves along a set route, but can stop not only at stops, but also outside them, and therefore, unlike a regular passenger taxi, it is “two-faced”.
Let us explain that stops for trackless vehicles are indicated by sign 5.16 and markings 1.17.

Perhaps you have a question about the advisability of the need to understand the “dual status” of the minibus. But the fact is that public vehicles that have the status of a route vehicle have some “benefits” and advantages over other vehicles, for example, the right to move in the lanes allocated for them. Also route vehicles are not covered by signs - 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.18.1, 3.18.2, 3.19, 3.27, 4.1.1 - 4.1.6.

Also, in populated areas, the entrances to and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 and 5.23.2 The rules require giving way to route vehicles starting from the designated stop (clause 18.3 of the traffic rules). In the context of clause 18.3 of the Rules, the “changeable status” of a minibus taxi acquires a certain meaning. The minibus departs from the designated stop - we give way. If he doesn’t drive away from the stop, he must yield to us.

The intersection (junction) of roads at the same level is called CROSSROADS. Intersections are not exits from SURROUNDING TERRITORIES such as residential areas marked with signs 5.21, 5.22, courtyards, parking lots, gas stations, enterprise areas, etc.

You will be informed of your approach to the intersection by signs 1.6, 2.3.1 – 2.3.7, as well as “plate” 8.1.2 installed together with sign 2.4.

There are intersections adjustable And unregulated.
Traffic at signalized intersections is regulated by traffic lights or REGULATOR – a person vested with the appropriate powers in accordance with the established procedure.
If there is no traffic light, does not work, or operates with a constant flashing yellow signal, as well as if there is no traffic controller at the intersection, the intersection is unregulated.
Roads at an uncontrolled intersection may be main And secondary(in relation to the main one) or equivalent.

MAIN ROAD – a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1 – 2.3.7 or 5.1 in relation to the one being crossed (adjacent), or a hard surface road (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials, etc.) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to to exit from adjacent territories".

On the main road, priority is given to unregulated intersections.
Non-main roads (secondary to the main one) are indicated by signs 2.4 and 2.5. When entering an intersection from a secondary road, you must give way to vehicles entering the intersection from the main road.
The signs above are called priority signs. « Priority signs establish the order of passage of intersections, intersections of roadways or narrow sections of the road" when traffic lights and traffic controllers are not working or are missing. When traffic lights are working or a traffic controller is present, priority signs do not work (that is, drivers, even with signs, must be guided by the signals of the traffic light or traffic controller). In the absence of priority signs and provided that the surface of the roads being crossed is “equal” (that is, when all roads are paved or all are unpaved), the intersection should be considered an intersection equivalent expensive Driving through such intersections is carried out according to the rule “ right hand“- the one who has interference on the right concedes. By “interference” in this context we mean any vehicle with which travel is carried out.
Sign 1.6 warns you when approaching the intersection of equivalent roads.

"ROADBACK - an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of surface or highlighted using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2...”.

In these figures, the shoulder is the part of the road lying to the right of marking line 1.2.1 or 1.2.2. Marking 1.2.1 (solid line) indicates the edge of the carriageway of multi-lane roads (picture on the left), and marking 1.2.2 (broken line) indicates the edge of the carriageway of two-lane roads (picture on the right).

Driving of motor vehicles on the side of the road is prohibited, but there are some exceptions. For example, when turning outside the intersection, if the width of the roadway and the dimensions of the vehicle do not allow for a U-turn “...from the extreme left position, it is allowed to be made from the right edge of the roadway ( or from the right side)..." (clause 8.8 of the traffic rules).
The shoulder is used for stopping and parking vehicles.

In more or less large populated areas, roads have sidewalks.
« SIDEWALK – element of the road intended for pedestrian traffic and adjacent to the roadway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn ».
You can use the sidewalk to stop and park a vehicle only if there are appropriate signs permitting such an action. For example, sign 6.4 (Parking) with the simultaneous use of one of the signs 8.6.2, 8.6.3, 8.6.6, 8.6.7, 8.6.8, 8.6.9 (Method of parking a vehicle).

The most interesting thing is that if there is a combination of these signs, vehicle drivers are required to park only in the manner shown on the plate and nothing else. In this case, the specified methods of parking are permitted only passenger cars and motorcycles (i.e., trucks any size and any load capacity, buses and other motor vehicles are prohibited from parking on the sidewalk Always). In the absence of permitting signs, parking any vehicles on the sidewalk is prohibited.

Part of the sidewalk, if it is wide enough, can be given over to a bicycle path. From the roadway BIKE LANE(as opposed to a bicycle lane) is separated structurally (i.e., by a curb, guardrail, or otherwise). The bicycle path is marked with sign 4.4.1. The movement of any other vehicles and pedestrians on the bicycle path is prohibited. A bicycle path can also be laid outside the sidewalk.

A pedestrian path may be installed instead of a sidewalk.
« PEDESTRIAN WAY – a strip of land equipped or adapted for pedestrian traffic or the surface of an artificial structure, marked with sign 4.5.1 ».

Bicycle and pedestrian paths can be combined into a bicycle and pedestrian path.
BICYCLE PEDESTRIAN PATH shared by cyclists and pedestrians. A bicycle and pedestrian path can be divided into two parts by a continuous marking line. In this case, one part of the track is used for movement only cyclists, and the other for traffic only pedestrians. The bicycle and pedestrian path is indicated by signs 4.5.2 – 4.5.7.

For the movement of pedestrians through the roadway, they are equipped with pedestrian crossings.
« PEDESTRIAN CROSSING» - a section of the roadway, tram tracks, marked with signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 and (or) markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 and allocated for the movement of pedestrians across the road. In the absence of markings, the width of the pedestrian crossing is determined by the distance between signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2 ».

A pedestrian crossing is a section of the road when driving along which both pedestrians and drivers should be especially careful. A pedestrian entering an unregulated pedestrian crossing has priority (advantage) over vehicles. The driver will be warned about approaching a pedestrian crossing by sign 1.22.
To better indicate a pedestrian crossing, signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2 can be framed with a reflective yellow border, and a single-section traffic light with a yellow signal operating in a constant flashing mode is installed above the pedestrian crossing.
There are rules to remember at a pedestrian crossing:
- at a pedestrian crossing and 5 meters away to him - stopping is prohibited;
- Reversing is prohibited at a pedestrian crossing;
- U-turns are prohibited at a pedestrian crossing;
- it is prohibited to drive onto a pedestrian crossing if there is a traffic jam behind it that will force the driver to stop at the pedestrian crossing;
- if a vehicle stops or slows down in front of an unregulated pedestrian crossing, then drivers of other vehicles moving in the same direction are also required to stop or slow down. It is allowed to continue driving only if there are no pedestrians at the pedestrian crossing or giving way to them.

« GIVE WAY (do not interfere)» - requirement meaning that a road user must not start, resume or continue moving, or carry out any maneuver if this may force other road users who have obligations in relation to him advantage, change direction or speed."

The mentioned term “Advantage” is the opposite in meaning and application to the term “Give way”. " ADVANTAGE (Priority)» - the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other road users ».
A clear understanding of your “rights and responsibilities” when performing maneuvers and driving around other road users is the key to the safety of all participants. Whoever must give way is obliged to do so. Whoever has an advantage must (but is not obligated) to take advantage of it. Let's explain the latter. Knowing your advantage, drivers expect clear, fast and competent actions from you. Your delay, uncertainty or inaction leads to increased tension and misunderstanding between road users, which can lead to an accident. Having a priority - you must implement it. But there are situations when it makes sense to give up priority in favor of another road user. For example, release a truck that does not fit into a turn and is blocking traffic, allow a passenger car to turn left or turn around, waiting for this opportunity on a narrow road and having gathered behind it a string of cars waiting for this vehicle to be able to perform its maneuver or, being a pedestrian at a pedestrian crossing, to allow at least one car to pass through the many that pass through this endless line of people during rush hour. When giving up your priority to someone else, you must be sure that other road users understand your intentions and actions and that these actions will not lead to trouble. The rules require “...act in such a way as not to create a danger to traffic or cause harm...” .

And finally, the last element of the road, mentioned in the definition of the term “Road”, but not yet considered by us - tram tracks.
The term “tram tracks” is not included in the Traffic Rules. But on the roads of populated areas, and sometimes on country roads, tram tracks take their place as an integral part of the road, along with its previously discussed elements - roadways, roadsides, sidewalks and medians. According to the established tradition, dating back to the late 20s of the 19th century, tram tracks are most often laid in the middle of the roadway. It's more convenient.
If there are tram tracks to your left, located at the same level as the roadway, the Rules allow the use of tracks for traffic in the same direction subject to the unconditional and simultaneous fulfillment of two conditions: 1) driving onto the tram tracks is allowed only if all other lanes are occupied and 2) no interference with the movement of the tram should be created. Driving into oncoming traffic is prohibited.

The tram has an advantage over trackless vehicles with equal rights to movement. That is, when traveling with a tram, the “right hand” rule we previously formulated does not apply. It may be easier for you to remember in which cases the tram gives way. Let's list these cases:
- when the tram leaves the depot;
- when the tram moves “under the arrow” (an additional section of the traffic light) with a red signal in the main section, and you are driving on a green signal in the main section;
- when the tram is on a secondary road and you are on the main road;
- when the tram is stopped at a red traffic light, and you are driving at a green signal. And these are all cases. The advantage of trams over trackless vehicles is due to O the tram's longer braking distance.

As it turned out, roads are different - wide and narrow, single or multi-lane, urban (laid in populated areas) and suburban, hard-surfaced or unpaved, with one-way or two-way traffic, etc. The rules in force on these different roads are also may vary. The most advanced roads are given the status of a motorway.

"Highway" - road marked 5.1 and having for each direction of movement roadways separated from each other by a dividing strip (and in its absence, by a road fence), without intersections at the same level with other roads, railway or tram tracks, pedestrian or bicycle paths.”
Highways that fall just a little short of perfection are given the consoling status of “Road for Cars” and a 5.3 sign. The same rules apply on motorways and roads for cars, except for the speed limit. On highways the speed limit is up to 110 km. per hour On roads marked with 5.3 – up to 90 km. per hour - that is, the same as on all other country roads.
There are some restrictions on these roads. Here are some of them. Prohibited:
- turning around and entering gaps in the dividing strip;
- reversing;
- stopping outside special parking areas marked with signs 6.4 and 7.11.

In our lesson we have already heard the terms STOP And PARKING. Let's look at these terms in more detail.
Under STOP is understood “intentionally stopping the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for longer if this is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading a vehicle” .

"PARKING" – intentional interruption of the movement of a vehicle for a period of more than 5 minutes for reasons not related to the embarkation or disembarkation of passengers, or the loading or unloading of the vehicle.”

“By default” - that is, in the absence of any restrictions in the form of prohibitory signs, markings or places where stopping and parking is prohibited by the Rules, stopping and parking are permitted on the right side of the road on the side of the road, and in its absence - near the edge of the roadway, or near the sidewalk - which is the same thing.
On the left side of the road, you can stop or park your car only in a populated area, the entrances and exits of which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 - 5.23.2 and 5.24.1 - 5.24.2, provided that the road has one lane each in each direction and does not have tram tracks in the middle (that is, on a narrow road), as well as on a one-way road, marked with signs 5.5 and 5.6. Vehicles are allowed to be parked in one row, parallel to the edge of the roadway (sidewalk). Motorcycles without sidecars, mopeds and bicycles can be parked in two rows.
It is allowed to park vehicles at an angle to the roadway if there are so-called “pockets” (widenings of the roadway) And corresponding markings in this “pocket”.

In places where stopping and parking are not prohibited and are not limited in any way, you can stand indefinitely and, from a layman’s point of view, it does not matter to both the driver and other road users and non-participants what is happening at the moment - stopping or parking.
A slightly different situation arises when stop carried out where prohibited parking. For example, in the coverage area of ​​sign 3.28 or in the coverage area of ​​marking 1.10.
This sign and markings prohibit parking, but do not prohibit stopping. By stopping we mean “intentionally stopping the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for longer if this is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading a vehicle.” To many, this formulation seems non-specific and vague - as in “... for up to 5 minutes, and also for longer if necessary ..." Let's try to decide. If you stopped within the coverage area of ​​the specified sign or marking for the purpose of disembarking - boarding a passenger or loading - unloading a vehicle and carry out these actions - the stop can last exactly as long as you need. If the stop was made for the sake of the stop itself, that is, you do not plan to pick up or drop off a passenger, but stopped to talk on the phone, buy flowers at a roadside kiosk, etc. – your stop time is limited to five minutes. Excuses like: “I’m waiting for a passenger, he (or she) is about to come” are unlikely to serve as an excuse for a traffic police officer.

There is another term associated with the terms “stop” and “parking”.

« FORCED STOP» – stopping the movement of a vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger created by the cargo being transported, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road ».

And immediately about the obstacle, since this term has already been uttered.
« LET» - a stationary object in a traffic lane (faulty or damaged vehicle, defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow further movement along this lane.
A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle ».
So there you go! A forced stop is possible in the place where it occurred, even if stopping is not permitted at that place. There's nothing you can do about it. Circumstances may exceed any rules, so the Rules do not in any way regulate the choice of a place for a forced stop.
But, if it so happens that a forced stop occurs where stopping is prohibited, the driver is obliged to: 1) immediately turn on the hazard warning lights,
2) put up a warning triangle
and 3) take all possible measures to remove the vehicle from the roadway to a safe place on the side of the road or to the edge of the roadway.

By participating in set of social relations that arise in the process of moving people and goods with the help of vehicles and without them within the boundaries of roads , which are referred to in the Rules TRAFFIC, it is impossible to do without changing lanes, advancing, overtaking, detours and other maneuvers. Let's define these terms.

"REBUILDING" - leaving an occupied lane or occupied row while maintaining the original direction of movement» .

"ADVANCE" - movement of a vehicle at a speed greater than the speed of a passing vehicle» .

The figure shows a passenger car ahead of two trucks, changing lanes into the adjacent lane and then returning to the previously occupied lane.

"OVERTAKE" - advance of one or more vehicles associated with entering a lane (side of the roadway) intended for oncoming traffic and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the roadway)» .

Before performing any maneuver, the Rules require signaling with turn signals in the appropriate direction. Signals must be given well in advance of the maneuver and cease immediately after its completion. The specific time for “advance” giving of the light signal is not regulated by the Rules. The optimal time is from three to seven seconds before the start of the maneuver, but more is possible. Much depends on the traffic situation. It is important to warn other road users in a timely manner about your intentions and actions and not mislead them with a signal that is too early or late, or a signal given “in the wrong place,” or a signal that is not turned off in time.
In case of malfunction of light indicators or their absence, signals are given by hand.

You have to drive a car at all times of the year, time of day, as well as in various weather and visibility conditions.
The rules require a distinction between terms such as, dark time of day And.

« LACK OF VISIBILITY» - road visibility is less than 300 m in conditions of fog, rain, snowfall, etc., as well as at dusk ».

Poor visibility in foggy conditions Limited visibility of the road around a sharp bend

« DARK TIME OF DAY» - the period of time from the end of evening twilight to the beginning of morning twilight ».

« LIMITED VISIBILITY» - driver visibility of the road in the direction of travel, limited by the terrain, geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures and other objects, including vehicles ».

Understanding the terms is necessary to understand the Rules. For example, overtaking is prohibited in conditions limited visibility. Precisely limited, not insufficient. And the rules oblige the headlights to be turned on in the dark and in conditions insufficient visibility. Precisely insufficient, but not limited. The rear fog lamp is allowed to be turned on only in conditions of insufficient visibility, and in other visibility conditions (darkness and limited visibility) - it is absolutely prohibited. That is, the difference in terms should be clear to us.
In order not to get confused and remember better, let’s try to understand that the term “” is associated with bad weather conditions - rain, snow, etc. And the term “” is associated with the surrounding natural and man-made landscape, as well as buildings, vehicles, etc., which in themselves can be clearly visible, but the visibility of the road in the direction of travel is limited (obstructed).

There are sections of roads when driving through which you need to concentrate your attention as much as possible. Such areas include intersections, pedestrian crossings and railway crossings. They are united by the commonality of rules that apply in their “territory”. It is prohibited at intersections, pedestrian crossings and railway crossings. , stop, reversing And reversal, and also entry on any of these sections of the road, if a traffic jam has formed behind it, which will force you to stop there. The same restrictions apply to bridges, overpasses, overpasses and under them, and also in the tunnels. And these same restrictions, minus the prohibition of overtaking and the prohibition of entry in the presence of congestion, apply to bus stops.
At road intersections, pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, bridges, overpasses, overpasses and under them, as well as in tunnels and at bus stops, other restrictions apply. We have listed the rules - common to “these places”. It's easier to remember that way.

Let's say a few words about the railway crossing.

« RAILWAY CROSSING» - intersection of the road with the railway tracks at the same level " Railway crossings can be regulated or unregulated, with or without a barrier, with a single-track or a multi-track railway. Signs 1.1 and 1.2, as well as signs 1.4.1 – 1.4.6 warn of approaching a railway crossing. The width of the crossing corresponds to the distance between signs 1.3.1 or 1.3.2 installed before the crossing on its opposite sides. Traffic through controlled crossings is regulated by traffic lights.

And a few more terms and explanations for them.

« BIKE" - a vehicle that is propelled, usually by the muscular energy of the cyclist, using pedals and handles, and may also have an electric motor with a rated maximum power not exceeding 0.25 kW, which is automatically switched off at speeds exceeding 25 km/h.

« MOPED» - a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, having an internal combustion engine with a working volume not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a power of 0.25 - 4 kW. Quadricycles with similar technical characteristics are considered mopeds.

« MOTORBIKE» - a two-wheeled mechanical vehicle with or without a side trailer (cradle), the engine displacement of which exceeds 50 cubic meters. see or the maximum speed of which, with any engine, exceeds 50 km/h. Tricycles and quadricycles with a motorcycle-type seat and a motorcycle-type steering wheel and having a mass not exceeding 400 kg are considered motorcycles.

Bicycles can move:
- along the bike lane and bike path;
- in one row – in the absence of a lane for cyclists and a bicycle path;
- on the side of the road– in the absence of a lane for cyclists, a bicycle path or the impossibility of moving along the right edge of the roadway;
- on the sidewalk or pedestrian path– in the absence of a lane for cyclists, a bicycle path, or the inability to move along the right edge of the roadway or along the side of the road.

Mopeds can move:
- in the bike lane;
- along the right edge of the roadway in one row – in the absence of a lane for cyclists;
- on the side of the road– provided that the movement of pedestrians is not interfered with.

Bicycles and moped drivers " ...it is prohibited to turn left and turn around on roads with tram traffic and on roads with more than one lane for traffic in a given direction ».

Motorcycles, unlike mopeds, are full-fledged mechanical vehicles, but due to their small dimensions, the concept of a traffic lane does not exist for them. That is, unlike cars, as many motorcycles as can fit can move in parallel in the same direction in one lane.

Traffic regulation is an issue posed in the distant past. The movement of pedestrians and horse-drawn carriages also required regulation. In those days, this was carried out by royal decrees.

The history of traffic rules dates back to Ancient Rome. Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise until approximately two hours before sunset (the end of the working day), the passage of private carts and chariots was prohibited.

Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretchers on long poles), and park their vehicles outside the city limits.

Already at that time there was a surveillance service monitoring compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duties of this service were to prevent conflict situations among vehicle owners. The intersections were not regulated. To ensure free passage, nobles sent walkers ahead. They cleared the streets and the nobles could thus freely travel to their destination.

Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult areas. One of the additions was a rule giving priority in traffic to pedestrians. A religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in the movement.

The basis of modern traffic rules was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, the first railway semaphore appeared in the square in front of Parliament in the form of a colored disk with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of that time.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

• Horizontal position – movement prohibited
• Position at an angle of 45 degrees - movement is allowed, but with precautions.

At night, a gas lamp was used, signaling in red and green. The traffic light was controlled by a servant in livery.

The technical implementation of the semaphore was not so successful. The chain of the mechanism for raising and lowering the booms was so noisy that it greatly frightened the horses, making it difficult for the coachman to control. Less than a month later, a semaphore exploded, injuring a police officer.

The number of vehicles continued to increase, and the first cars began to replace carts. The need for traffic management has increased significantly. The first rods for manually regulating traffic at intersections appeared in 1908. The first road signs can be considered signs indicating movement to a populated area.

In 1909, at a world conference in Paris, it was decided to create uniform European Traffic Rules, as the number of cars continued to grow, and the speed limit and traffic intensity on city streets increased.

The next step in the development of traffic management was at the traffic conference in Geneva in 1931 "Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling" was adopted. The Soviet Union was also a participant in this conference.

The first official publication of the Road Traffic Rules in the USSR took place in 1920. The document had a title “About traffic in Moscow and its environs”. This document has already described in detail many important issues. Driver's licenses for the right to drive have appeared, and the maximum speed limit has been designated. In 1940, general traffic regulations were issued for the entire union, which were edited for each city.

Unified general traffic rules valid throughout the entire territory of the USSR were introduced in 1961. “Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR”

The most important date in the history of the Road Traffic Rules is November 8, 1968. On this day in Vienna I was The Convention on Road Traffic was adopted. The document was signed by representatives of 68 countries and is still in force today.

By 1973, the USSR traffic rules were written in accordance with the Vienna Convention. With the passage of time and corresponding changes on the roads, the constant growth of transport, and technological development of road networks, adjustments and additions are constantly being introduced.

The latest changes as of the date of writing this material came into force on November 24, 2012, and the State Duma is always considering bills aimed at adapting the rules to the real situation on the roads.

Every year there are more and more cars on the streets of our cities. Their movement requires orderliness and compliance with certain rules to ensure the safety of drivers and pedestrians.

For this purpose, in every country, including Russia, a special set of traffic rules has been developed that regulates the rights and responsibilities of all people on the roads. What is traffic rules? Where are they used and what are the consequences of violating them?

Traffic rules are traffic rules and technical requirements that apply to vehicles while driving. The first to attempt to introduce them on city streets was the Roman commander Julius Caesar.

Back in the 50s BC, he ordered all owners of carts and chariots to move only on one side and not to go on the roads after sunset. During the Middle Ages in Europe, knights were allowed to drive on the right, which is still in effect in most countries of the world today.

The modern history of traffic rules begins in London in 1868, when a mechanical semaphore appeared in front of the British Parliament. Since then, the rules for traveling on roads have been constantly expanding and adding new requirements due to the growing number of vehicles.

The main purpose of traffic rules is to protect motorists and pedestrians from road accidents that result in damage to vehicles, injury or death.


Every driver should know them, because if he breaks the rules and gets into an accident, then at best he will get off with a fine and expenses for vehicle repairs, and at worst he will die or go to prison for causing injury to other participants in the accident. For this reason, knowledge of traffic rules is a prerequisite for obtaining a driver's license.

The most dangerous traffic violations are considered to be driving while intoxicated, with a faulty brake system, lighting equipment or steering wheel controls, as well as speeding and driving against a red light. They threaten that the driver may lose control and have an accident. Violating the rules for using seat belts, overtaking, or crossing railroad crossings that are closed by a barrier poses no less of a threat.

Not so dangerous, but fraught with unpleasant consequences, are considered to be driving unregistered vehicles, driving without documents or improperly carrying out.


You can also be punished for violating the rules for transporting dangerous or large cargo, and for minibus drivers - for transporting passengers in excess of the established number.

A fairly common traffic violation is parking cars on lawns. Some drivers do not know well what such a territory is, so they calmly leave their vehicles there and then pay with fines.

In accordance with the traffic rules of the Russian Federation, a lawn is considered to be an area with a turf covering, which was artificially created by sowing seeds and growing turf-creating plants.

The lightest punishment a driver can receive for violating traffic rules is a warning or a fine in the amount established by the state. For more serious violations, they may be deprived of their driver’s license (temporarily or permanently) and prohibited from operating vehicles with the registration plates removed.

For driving without a driver's license or while under the influence of alcohol (drugs), you can be arrested for 15 days, and if people died during the accident, there is a high probability of receiving a prison sentence.

According to the new traffic rules as amended in 2015, for driving while intoxicated or handing over a car to a person under the influence of drugs or alcohol, the driver may lose his license for up to 2 years. In case of repeated violation, the document is confiscated for up to 3 years.

If a motorist drives on the roads without registration plates, he may lose his license for 3 months, and if the plates were knowingly forged, his license will be taken away for 6–12 months.


For using red lighting equipment, your license can be taken away for 6–12 months, for speeding or driving into the oncoming lane – for 4–6 months, and for transporting large cargo without a permit or for driving through a closed railway crossing – for six months.

There was a time when only riders on horses, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode on the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, city streets in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline traffic on streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.

The first traffic rules appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, only one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.

In Russia, road traffic was regulated by royal decrees. Thus, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730 it was said: “Carriers and other people of all ranks should ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, at attention. And those who do not comply with these rules will be beaten with a whip and sent to hard labor.” And the decree of Empress Catherine II says: “On the streets, coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum.”

At the end of the 18th century, the first “self-propelled carriages”—cars—appeared. They drove very slowly and caused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to walk in front of each car and warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don’t whistle, don’t breathe, and crawl like a turtle.

But, despite everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893, the first rules for motorists appeared in France. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs and established the responsibilities of drivers and pedestrians.

Modern traffic rules are almost 100 years old.

History of traffic lights

Do you know when the familiar traffic light appeared?

It turns out that traffic control using a mechanical device began 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the city center on a pole 6 meters high. It was controlled by a specially assigned person. Using a belt system, he raised and lowered the instrument needle. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern powered by lamp gas. The lantern had green and red glasses, but yellow ones had not yet been invented.

The first electric traffic light appeared in the USA, in the city of Cleveland, in 1914. It also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the police warning whistle. But just 4 years later, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.

Interestingly, in the first traffic lights the green signal was at the top, but then they decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now in all countries of the world, traffic lights are located according to the same rule: red at the top, yellow in the middle, green at the bottom.

We have the first in our country traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow and green. And the adjuster manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.

Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type appeared. And in 1937 in Leningrad, on Zhelyabova Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), near the DLT department store, the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.