Leonardo da Vinci For more than 300 years, it was believed that the author of the first calculating machine was Blaise Pascal. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts by Leonardo da Vinci, one of the titans of the Renaissance, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer, were found in the National Library of Madrid. Among the drawings they found a sketch of a thirteen-bit adding device with ten-tooth wheels. It was collected by the company for advertising purposes. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts of 1BM were found in the National Library of Madrid and it turned out to be quite functional.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a calculating device was discovered in the Stuttgart city library, from which it followed that another design of a calculating machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the “Pascal wheel”. It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than a missing appendix to a previously published letter to I. Kepler from the University of Tübingen professor Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he had invented. The machine contained adding and multiplying devices, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred and how it takes away what it holds in its “mind” when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the young scientist’s extraordinary mathematical abilities, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Schickard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in his new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Schickard and members of his family died of cholera. The scientist’s works were forgotten...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () is one of the most famous people in human history. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. Some of Pascal's practical achievements have received the highest distinction today. knows the name of their author. For example, now very few people will say that the most ordinary wheelbarrow is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses of multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes, the first type of regular public urban transport. Being very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device - a adding machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal number system. In this machine, numbers were set by corresponding turns of disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in windows, one for each digit. The disks were mechanically connected; when adding, the transfer of a unit to the next digit was taken into account. The units disk was connected to the tens disk, the tens disk to the hundreds disk, etc. The main disadvantage of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations except addition with its help.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name also stands among the outstanding inventors of calculating devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661, Leibniz became a student. He studies philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666, he defended two dissertations for the title of associate professor in law and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations an astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, which he completed in 1694. Developing Pascal's ideas, Leibniz used the shift operation for bitwise multiplication of numbers. One copy of Leibniz's machine came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wanting to amaze him with European technical achievements. Leibniz also came close to creating mathematical logic: he proposed using mathematical symbolism in logic and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​​​the possibility of using a binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Boole George Boole (). After Leibniz, research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system was carried out by many outstanding scientists, but real success came here to the self-taught English mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to graduate only from an elementary school for the poor. After some time, Boole, having changed several professions, opened a small school where he taught. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, “A Study of the Laws of Thought on which Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability are Based,” appeared. After some time, it became clear that the Boole system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Hermann Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Hermann Hollerith (). He is the founder of counting and punching technology. While dealing with the processing of statistical information from the census conducted in the United States in 1890, Hollerith built a hand-held punch that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting for the layout of these punched cards depending on the location of the punches. He built a summing machine called a tabulator, which “probed” holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers, and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to data such as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. Agents participating in the census recorded respondents' responses in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information they contained was transferred to cards using a punch. The punched cards were then loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were threaded onto thin needles. The needle, entering the hole, passed through it, closing a contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, caused the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, to move one position forward.

John Vincent Atanasov In 1973, the court established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. A Bulgarian by birth, John Vincent Atanasov () became a second-generation American. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate calculations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students studying the theory of elasticity, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they encountered involved partial differential equations. To solve them, it was necessary to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required solving large systems of algebraic equations. Therefore, the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, using vacuum tubes as an elemental base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to call it ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). The source data, presented in the decimal number system, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted into binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the vehicle was largely completed; However, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer into the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first operating computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent since childhood and, while still at school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream about a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person , while still a student. Unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon began to create a device much like the English mathematician's Analytical Engine. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse quit the company where he worked. He set up a “workshop” on a small table in his parents’ house. After about two years, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​about 4 m2 and was an intricacy of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, from the name Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for data entry. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed creating a device of a fundamentally new type, based on vacuum vacuum tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all “long-term” scientific developments, since he was confident of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kul, “calculus of plans”). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921, he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a teacher at the university from which he graduated and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with P.S. Zhdanov) of the book “Stability of Parallel Operation of Electrical Systems,” widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. At the end of the 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which was one of the first in the world and the first in Europe a computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT AS USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. At that time BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the USA. Soon the car was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. BESM-2 carried out calculations during the launch of artificial Earth satellites and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the company created under the leadership of S.A. began mass production. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikov's original architecture BESM-6 with a speed of about 1 million op./s: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many of the “features” of machines of the next, third generation. It was the first large domestic machine that began to be supplied to users along with developed software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. This man began to stand out for his extraordinary abilities very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the USA. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant influence on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the Monte Carlo method, a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the modeling of random variables. “According to von Neumann,” the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic-logical device is provided for them. Its operation and the entire machine in general are controlled using a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (instructions).

Claude Elwood Shannon Already in his teens, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made model airplanes and radios, created a radio-controlled boat, and connected his home and a friend's home with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was also his distant relative (however, they never met). In 1937, Shannon presented his thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", while working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used for the analysis and synthesis of switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. Claude Ellwood Shannon's most famous work is A Mathematical Theory of Communications, published in 1948, which presents considerations related to his new science of information theory. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using a minimum number of symbols. Shannon defined the basic unit of information quantity (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads, tails, yes, no, etc. A bit can be represented as a 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in a circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member of the University of Washington, and chairman of United Way International. Gates and his high school friend Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at age fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars from this project and never went to high school again. In 1973, Gates entered the first year of Harvard University. During his time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first MITS Altair minicomputer. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as the chief software architect of the Microsoft corporation, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. People magazine, for example, believes that "Gates is to programming what Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but always a genius."

Ershov Andrey Petrovich

An outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of the world's first monograph on programming automation. Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs were developed (“integrated developments” of a programming language and system). He formulated a number of general principles of programming as a new and unique type of scientific activity, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating programming technology. He became one of the creators of the so-called “school informatics” and a recognized leader of domestic school informatics, and became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

Charles Babbage

(December 26 - October 18)

British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of calculations in economics; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833 he developed a project for a universal digital computer - the prototype of a computer. Babbage envisioned the ability to enter instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished, since the low level of technology at that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for his invention of the Analytical Engine, although its prototype was created many years after his death.

Kaspersky Evgeniy Valentinovich

To 1991worked at a multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Began studying the phenomenoncomputer viruses in October 1989when it was discovered on his computer"Cascade" virus (English). From 1991 to 1997, he worked at the Scientific and Technical Center "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed the anti-virus project "AVP" (Now - " Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997, Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders of "Kaspersky Lab«.

Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, and regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.

Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and the “Laboratory” he heads in 2001 is the opening of the annual conferenceVirus Bulletin- a central event in the antivirus industry, as well as successfully combating all global virus epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Lovelace Augusta Ada

A. Lovelace developed the first programs for the Babbage Analytical Engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of the operation cycle. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. Thus, for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work beyond human capabilities. Although the Bubbage Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace’s programs were never debugged and did not work, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Nowadays, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

Bill Gates

(October 28)

American entrepreneur and developer in the field of electronic computing, founder of the world's leading software company Microsoft.

In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which by the mid-1980s became the dominant operating system in the American microcomputer market. Gates then began developing applications such as Excel spreadsheets and Word, and by the late 1980s, Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.

In 1986, by releasing the company's shares to the public market, Gates became a billionaire at the age of 31. In 1990, the company introduced Windows 3.0, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the end of the 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Douglas Karl Engelbart

American inventor Douglas Engelbart from the Stanford Research Institute introduced the world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.

Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.

Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of the personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of disks, and cost $400!

Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest innovation in technology is wireless mice.

Niklaus Wirth

Swiss engineer and researcher of the world of programming. Author and one of the developers of the Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists; his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Linus Torvalds

(December 28)

Creator of a world-famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform, aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet. The new system acquired the name Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. Over the course of ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products produced by Microsoft, capable of supplanting the monopoly of this company in the system and server software market.

Thousands of “interested programmers,” hackers, and computer network specialists happily took up Linus’s idea and began to write, complete, and debug what Torvalds proposed to them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from being a toy for several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which is many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and can run on almost any modern IBM-compatible computer.

In this article we will talk about the best Russian programmers of all time and learn about their main achievements.

Goes to the list!

Russian programmer, author of the popular antivirus Dr. Web, technical director and founder of Doctor Web. After studying at the Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation, he worked as an engineer for aviation defense projects at the Leninets Research and Production Association. Since 1990, he has been involved in developments in the field of anti-virus protection. Igor Danilov wrote his first virus analyzer out of enthusiasm and a desire to rid his research institute of virus threats. In 1992 he began developing the Dr.Web antivirus. In 2003 he founded the Doctor Web company.

Russian programmer, developer of the Advanced eBook Processor program algorithm, released by the Moscow company Elcomsoft and designed to bypass the protection of e-books in Adobe PDF format. Associate Professor, Department of Information Security, Faculty of Computer Science and Control Systems.

Live broadcasts of the development process, lectures, hackathons and much more from the field of programming can be found on

Municipal educational institution

"Krasnogorsk secondary school No. 2"

Section "Informatics"

Research work

Completed by 7th grade students

Moshkov Rail

Levit Kirill

Scientific supervisor

Romanov K.M.

Krasnogorsky village

2017

Content:

Chapter 1.

Introduction

Chapter 2.

Project goal

Project objectives

Research hypothesis

Practical significance of the project

Stages of work on the project

Expected result

Work progress

Chapter 3.

Conclusion

Useful Resources

Introduction:

The programmer must have a first-class mathematician's ability for abstraction and logical thinking, combined with an Edisonian talent for constructing anything from zeros and ones. He must combine the accuracy of an accountant with the insight of an intelligence officer, the imagination of the author of detective novels with the sober practicality of an economist. And besides, the programmer must have a taste for teamwork, understand the interests of the user, and much more.

A.P. Ershov

A characteristic feature of modern society is the active use of computer technology in all spheres of human activity. Beginner programmers always face the same question. What to program on? Of course, it is better to start with the most understandable and simple programming language. Today, VBA is one of the easiest programming languages ​​to learn and use.

VisualBasic6.0 is a visual programming system designed for creating program objects. Using this programming language, you can quickly and easily create custom applications. Once you learn how to develop applications for one office program, you can easily create applications for other office programs.

Computer science is a very young, modern and progressive science, and although you can find great mathematicians who lived 2000 years ago and great physicists who lived 300 years ago, all great computer scientists are our contemporaries, some of them are presented below.

Now there are a lot of computer scientists in the world. Among them are a huge number of great personalities who left an indelible mark on the development of this wonderful science.

We like computer science lessons. We work on computers, do practical work, assignments in workbooks, and learn to program.

We chose this topic not by chance:

We are interested in computer science as a subject and as a science, and therefore we wanted to learn more about the great computer scientists who made significant contributions to its development.

In our work we will talk about the great people of Russia who made a significant contribution to the development of computer science.

This is where it arose fundamental question :

How to leave a mark on history?

Problematic issues:

Which computer scientists left their mark on history?

What contribution did this or that person make to the development of computer science and society?

Age group: 5-7 grades

Duration of work on the project6 2 weeks

The purpose of our work : Learn the basics of programming in the programVisualBasic6.0, thereby increasing their own interest in studying computer science and motivating schoolchildren in grades 6 and 7 to study this subject.

We have set ourselves the followingtasks :

Become familiar with controls and basic VBA constructs.

Develop algorithms and write program codes.

Create a project on the topic “Great computer science of great Russia”

Research hypothesis : Creating projects using programming languages ​​helps to increase the cognitive interest of schoolchildren in grades 6 and 7 in the field of computer science and leads to an improvement in the quality of knowledge.

Practical significance of our project: The materials from our project can be used in computer science lessons and extracurricular activities.

Object of study: Programming systemVBA. Introduction of the finished product.

Stages of work

Determining the topic of work.

Setting the goals and objectives of the project.

Development of the presentation structure.

Development of the overall presentation design.

Learn the required Visual Basic 6.0 controls

Study of basic algorithmic constructs, the capabilities of variables and how to work with them.

Writing a program (program code) for slides with programming elements in Visual Basic 6.0.

Debugging program codes.

Analysis of the application of this project in school.

Expected result

We assume that the use of such projects will increase the interest of schoolchildren both in studying computer science and will increase the number of students who want to engage in project activities.

We decided to apply some programming language controlsVBA:

ToggleButtonis an interface control element that has two fixed states (on-off).

TextBox– this text box is a field for entering information in a dialog box.

CommandButton- this is a control button - an interface element used to activate some event.

While working on the project, we became acquainted with the concept of a variable quantity. In our program codes, variables store the values ​​of text fields in the computer's RAM.

Work progress:

Let's consider the place of computer science in the traditionally established system of sciences (technical, natural, humanities, etc.). In particular, this would make it possible to find a place for the general education course in computer science among other academic subjects.

Let us recall that according to A.P. Ershov’s definition, computer science is “fundamental natural science.” Academician B.N. Naumov defined computer science “as a natural science that studies the general properties of information, processes, methods and means of its processing (collection, storage, transformation, movement, output).”

We decided to use the Visual Basic 6.0 objective-oriented programming system to create this project, since this programming language is more understandable to us, because last year we created the test project “Infoznaika goes to class” using this programming language. After looking through a huge amount of material, we settled on these great people:

Sergei Alexandrovich Lebedev. It is this man who is the founder of domestic electronic computer technology. Under his leadership, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM was created, which is one of the first in the world and in Europe.

We became interested in what changes have occurred since the creation of this machine until now, and only 60 years have passed, because February 14 is not only a Valentine’s Day, but also a significant date in the history of the development of computer technology, since it is on this day In 1946, the first electronic computer was introduced to the general public -ENIACI

The first Soviet electronic computer MESM was put into operation on December 25, 1951.
Main parameters of the first Soviet computer:

Operations performed: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, shift, comparison based on sign, comparison based on absolute value, transfer of control, transfer of numbers from a magnetic drum, addition of commands. The operating speed is about 3000 operations per minute. Input of initial data - from punched cards or by typing codes on a plug-in switch. The area of ​​the room is 60 square meters. The number of electronic triode tubes is about 3500, diodes 2500. Power consumption - 25 kW.

The main hopes in the coming years in the field of information technology are associated with optical (photonic) computers. The idea of ​​optical (photonic) computing—computations performed using photons generated by lasers or diodes—has a long history. The advantages are obvious: using photons (moving with It is possible to achieve incomparably higher signal transmission rates than using electrons (as in current computers).

Computers of the future are planned to be equipped with elements of advanced artificial intelligence. To solve artificial intelligence problems, non-traditional branches of mathematics are increasingly being used, such as the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, as well as the theory of possibilities and probability theory. We think that in the near future we will figure out what these theories are, for now it’s all unclear to us, but it’s interesting.

Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura. One of the patriarchs of domestic programming. In the mid-50s, the programming department, headed by Shura-Bura, was involved in calculating the trajectories of artificial Earth satellites; in 1963, one of the translators from the ALGOL-60 language for the M-20 was created, followed by programming systems for BESM-6 and other computers.

We became interested in how many Earth satellites there were in the 60s, and how many there are at this point in time, which satellites are planned to be launched in the near future. Here's what we found:

After ground tests, the first satellite was taken to the cosmodrome on October 4, 1957. At 22:28 Moscow time, a rocket with the world's first artificial Earth satellite took off, opening the way for humanity into outer space.

Exactly a month later, on November 3, 1957, the second artificial Earth satellite in history was launched into orbit, with the dog Laika on board in a cabin equipped with everything necessary for life.

The launch of the third Soviet artificial Earth satellite was carried out on May 15, 1958.

16,800 artificial objects fly above our heads, among them 6,000 satellites, the rest are considered space debris - these are upper stages and debris. There are fewer actively functioning devices - about 850.

From the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957 to January 1, 2008, about 4,600 launches were made - that's about 6,000 satellites. 400 of them are beyond Earth's orbit. Of the remaining 5,600, about 800 are working. Contact with the rest has been lost. Plus a huge amount of all sorts of fragments and remains - from screwdrivers lost in orbit to fuel tanks. The scale is amazing. This is one of the global problems of all mankind; so far there are no methods or solutions for collecting space debris.

Space satellites of the future on balloons

The launch of Bloostar satellites will be carried out directly from the stratosphere, where payloads will be delivered using balloons. The technology itself is not new and similar launches have been practiced since the middle of the last century. The peculiarity and significant advantage of Bloostar is that at an altitude of over twenty kilometers, the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft that will be launched have practically no meaning. That is why Bloostar is made in the form of concentric ring-steps. Which work on the usual principle of a three-stage rocket. At the moment, the system can launch about 75 kilograms of payload into orbit 600 km.

Bashir Iskandarovich Rameev. One of the founders of domestic computer technology. One of the creators of the Strela machine, the first computer used in industrial production in the USSR. Under his leadership and with direct participation, an arithmetic device, a memory on a magnetic drum, and an element base onvacuum tubes, not relays.

Vladimir Andreevich Melnikov. Outstanding scientist and designer of high-performance computing systems, student and colleague of Academician S.A. Lebedev, under whose leadership Melnikov participated in the creation of a number of BESM universal computers.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev. Outstanding scientist and engineer, designer of four generations of electronic computers and powerful real-time computing systems, author of fundamental works on computer technology, including arithmetic and architecture of electronic digital machines.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov. Outstanding programmer and mathematician.Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs were developed (“integrated developments” of the language and systemprogramming).He became one of the creators of the so-called “school informatics” and a recognized leader of domestic school informatics, and became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

We became interested in which computer science textbooks were the very first, and what our parents and grandparents studied.

The first textbook on computer science was written in 1985 under the leadership of Academician A.P. Ershov, a world-famous scientist, developer of one of the most advanced domestic programming systems.

In the first trial textbook in computer science, the emphasis was on studying the basics of algorithmization and programming elements in the BASIC language for personal computers.

By order of the Ministry Education of the Russian Federation in 1999 approved the minimum content of education in computer science, mandatory for all educational institutions.

During the project, we created a convenient interface with “More details” buttons to learn more about these programmers

During the execution of the program, we reviewed and created the code for transitioning from one form to another:

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Form2.Visible = True

Form1.Visible = False

End Sub

We learned how to work with forms and buttons, create a color and background of a form, and created a small test.

Private Sub Command1_Click()

If Option1 Then

MsgBox "True", "Test"

Else

MsgBox "False", "Test"

End If

End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Form12.Visible = True

Form8.Visible = False

End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Option1 = False: Option2 = False: Option3 = False

End Sub

Conclusion: We really enjoyed creating this project. We learned a lot of new and interesting things. In the future, we want to connect our work with programming. While performing this work, we studied the capabilities of Visual Basic 6.0, and using this programming language we created this software product.

Bibliography

1. L. D. Sleptsova . Programming in VBA in Microsoft Office 2010Publisher: Dialectics, Williams, 2010

2. - course of lectures on VBA.

Slide 1

Russian scientists -
computer engineers
and computer science

Slide 2

Computer science is a very young science compared to mathematics, with which it is closely related. However, it also has its own interesting and difficult history. In particular, the history of Russian computer science knows many wonderful names. Today we will tell you about some of them, the most striking and significant. Our Russian scientists, relying on outstanding mathematical knowledge, carried out serious developments in the field of computer science, invented electronic computers, conducted theoretical research, and published scientific works.

Slide 3

It so happened that basically all achievements in the field of information science and computer technology are associated with the names of foreign researchers, mostly American and English. However, this is not entirely fair.

Slide 4

In the USA and England they relied on a strong commercial basis and well-established supply channels, on industrial standards and a huge class of qualified managers. In our country, which survived a terrible war, every little thing had to be invented from scratch and entire industries had to be created from scratch. Therefore, Soviet achievements are largely based on creative insights, unique technologies and the talent of their creators.

Slide 5

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov
Soviet mathematician, one of the founders of cybernetics, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the field of the theory of functions of a real variable and mathematical issues of cybernetics.
(1911 - 1973)

Slide 6

The development of the computer industry in the USSR began in the late 1940s almost simultaneously in two centers: in Kyiv and Moscow. In Kyiv, at the Institute of Electrical Engineering, under the leadership of scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev in 1948, the creation of a small electronic calculating machine (MESM) began, which later turned out to be the first computer in Europe.

Slide 7

Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev
Founder of computer technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1945 S.A. Lebedev created the country's first electronic analog computer for solving systems of ordinary differential equations, which are often encountered in problems related to energy.
(1902 - 1974)

Slide 8

MESM, 1951
Work on the machine was of a research nature and was carried out for the purpose of experimental testing of the principles of constructing universal digital computers. After the initial successes and in order to satisfy the extensive needs in computing technology, it was decided to complete the prototype into a full-fledged machine capable of solving real problems. It turned out to be the first computer in continental Europe. Successfully used in the nuclear, space, and military industries.

Slide 9

BESM-6 (large electronic adding machine), 1967
BESM-6 is a masterpiece of creativity by the team of the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITM and VT) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the first supercomputer of the second generation.

Slide 10

Slide 11

BESM-6
BESM-6 electronic circuits used 60 thousand transistors and 180 thousand semiconductor diodes, its performance reached 1 million operations per second. It was a new generation machine, reliable and easy to operate.

Slide 12

American ILLIAC-IV
A direct competitor to the BESM-6, the American ILLIAC-IV was completed later, was much more expensive and was inferior to the Soviet design in performance.

Slide 13

Isaac Semenovich Brook
Soviet scientist, mathematician, specialist in the field of electrical engineering and computer technology, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). I. S. Bruk published more than 100 scientific papers. A scientist of broad erudition, I. S. Brook had the talent of an inventor and experimenter. He received more than 50 copyright certificates for inventions, 16 of them in the last 5 years of his life, already at an advanced age.
(1902 - 1974)

Slide 14

Automatic digital computer M-1, 1950
M-1 performed computational operations at a speed of 15-20 op/s and had a memory capacity of 256 numbers. The element base consisted of about 500 vacuum tubes, as well as several thousand semiconductors, first used in the construction of a computer. These were captured German rectifiers.

Slide 15

Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev
An outstanding scientist and engineer, designer of four generations of electronic computers and powerful real-time computing systems, author of fundamental works on computer technology, including arithmetic and the architecture of electronic digital machines. Under the leadership of I.S. Bruka took part in the development of the first generation small computer "M-1". Later he headed the design and manufacture of computers intended for the defense industry (M-2, M-4, etc.).
(1923 – 1983)

Slide 16

We are only now learning about some record-breaking developments of the Soviet era. This is the M-10 machine created in the early 1970s under the leadership of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kartsev (for missile defense systems), which was superior in speed to the American analogue Cray-1. The M-10's average uptime was 90 hours, which was very high (the Cray-1 could only last 50 hours).

Slide 17

Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov
One of the founders of Russian computer science. The main works are devoted to theoretical and applied cybernetics: the theory of digital automata, automation of computer design, application of cybernetic methods in the national economy. Based on the new principles of computer construction he developed, the Kiev, Dnepr-2 and Mir series machines were created, which anticipated many of the features of personal computers that appeared later.
(1923 – 1982)

Slide 18

MIR-1 and MIR-2 (Machine for Engineering Calculations)
In MIR, the task was set so that programs could be written by any engineer in the notation and style familiar to him. The uniqueness of such a computer is evidenced by the fact that at the exhibition in London in 1967 it was purchased by the American company IBM.