What does transcription mean? English transcription: pronunciation of letters and sounds in English

Transcription is a recording of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

Transcription may not be of interest to everyone, but it is, without a doubt, useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read an unfamiliar word without outside help. During classes, you can read the transcription of a word yourself (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others, thereby making it easier for yourself to assimilate lexical material, etc.

At first there will be errors in correct reading, because... There are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you will be able to transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules. In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly domestic ones) talk about reading rules, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. About five such types are usually described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not greatly ease the fate of a beginner, and can even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented to the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. “Behind the scenes” there will be some phonetic aspects that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easily learned in a short time. Then you will be surprised: “How easy it has become to read and write!”

However, do not forget that, despite its wide distribution, the English language does not cease to be a LANGUAGE, full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of learning a language, and especially at the beginning, look into the dictionary more often.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Symbols.
Consonants 		Pronunciation of sound
(similar to Russian) 		Symbols.
Vowel sounds 		Pronunciation of sound
(similar to Russian)
[b] [b] Single sounds
[d] [d] [ Λ ] [a] - short
[f] [f] [a:] [a] - deep
[ 3 ] [ and ] [i] [ and ] - short
[d3] [j] [i:] [ and ] - long
[g] [ G ] [o] [o] - short
[h] [ X ] [o:] [o] - deep
[k] [ To ] [u] [y] - short
[l] [l] [u:] [y] - long
[m] [m] [e] as in the word "plaid"
[n] [n] [ ε: ] as in the word "honey"
[p] [n] Diphthongs
[s] [ With ] [əu] [oh]
[t] [ T ] [au] [au]
[v] [ V ] [ei] [ Hey ]
[z] [z] [oi] [ Ouch ]
[t∫] [h] [ai] [ouch]
[∫] [w]
[r] Soft [r] as in the word Russian
[ O A sign of softness as in the Russian letter E (Christmas tree)
Sounds without analogies in Russian
[ θ ] [ æ ]
[ ð ]
[ ŋ ] Nasal, in the French style, sound [n] [ ə ] [neutral sound]
[w]

Notes:

    In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries this sound is usually designated as shown in the table.

    Diphthong is a complex sound that consists of two sounds. In most cases, a diphthong can be "broken" into two sounds, but not in writing. Since in many cases one of the component sounds of a diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example, the diphthong [au]: a separate transcription icon like [a] does NOT exist. Therefore, most diphthongs are not indicated by a combination of different transcription symbols, but by their own sign.

    In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more clear. But, in modern English dictionaries this sound is usually designated as shown in the table.

    This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that produce this sound.

Reading rules

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the entire system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

Open syllable ends with a vowel: game, like,stone- a vowel letter in a word is read the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable ends with a consonant: pen, cat, bus- a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical line before the stressed syllable.

Single vowel sounds

Sound Rules
[e] usually given by the letter e in a closed syllable: get [get], vet [vet]
as well as the letter combination ea: dead [ded], pleasure [´ple3ə]
Note: the same letter combination often produces the sound [i:] (see below)
[i] usually given by the letter i in a closed syllable: hit [hit], kill [kil]
as well as the letter y in a closed syllable: gym [d3im], cylinder [´silində]
Note: the same letters in an open syllable make the sound [ai] (see below)
[i:] appears in the following letter combinations: e + e (always): meet [ mi:t ], deep ;
letter e in an open syllable: tree [tri:], Steve [sti:v];
in the letter combination e + a: meat [ mi:t ], beam [ bi:m ]
Note: the same letter combination (ea) often produces the sound [e] (see above)
[o] usually given by the letter o in a closed syllable: pot [pot], lottery [´lotəri],
as well as the letter a in a closed syllable after w: wasp [wosp], swan [swan]
[o:]
  1. o + r: corn [ko:n], fortress [´fo:trəs]; more [mo:]
  2. almost always in a + u: fauna [´fo:nə], taunt [to:nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt
  3. Consonant (except w) + a + w: dawn [ do:n ], hawk [ ho:k ].
  4. always in the letter combination a + ll: tall [ to:l ], small [ smo:l ]
  5. The letter combination a + ld (lk) also produces this sound: bald [ bo:ld ], talk [ to:k ]
  6. Not often, but you can find the letter combination ou + r that gives this sound: pour [po:], mourn.
[ æ ] usually given by the letter a in a closed syllable: flag [ flæg ], married [ ´mærid ]
[ Λ ] usually produced by the letter u in a closed syllable: dust [dΛst], Sunday [´sΛndei].
And also:
double: double [dΛbl], trouble [trΛbl]
ove: glove [glΛv], dove [dΛv]
Note: but there are also exceptions: move [ mu:v ] - (see below);
flood [flΛd], blood [blΛd] - (see above)
[a:] appears in the following letter combinations:
  1. a + r: dark [da:k], farm [fa:m] (see note)
  2. regularly the letter a in a closed syllable: last [la:st], father [fa:ðə] - therefore it is necessary to check the dictionary, because a in a closed syllable traditionally produces the sound [æ] as in cat [kæt];
  3. consonant + alm also consistently produces this sound: palm [ pa:m ], calm [ ka:m ] + note
Note: 1. very rarely a + r produces the sound [o:] warm [wo:m];
3. Rarely: salmon [sæmən]
[u]
[u:]		 The length of this sound varies in most cases for historical reasons rather than for orthographic reasons. That is, for each word it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry a huge semantic load, as in other sounds. And in oral speech it does not need to be specifically emphasized.
This sound occurs in the following cases:
  1. always o+o: foot [ fut ], boot [ bu:t ], took [ tuk ], moon [ mu:n ]
  2. after pu in a closed syllable sometimes gives a short version:
    put [put], push [pu∫] (previous letter is always p) - (see note)
  3. ou + consonant: could [ku:d], wound [wu:nd] (but such cases are not common).
  4. r + u+ consonant + vowel: prune [ pru:n ], rumour [ ru:mə ]
Note: 2. But in similar cases with other consonants, u almost always gives the sound [Λ]: cut [kΛt], plus [plΛs], punch [pΛnt∫]
[ ε: ] occurs in closed syllables with the following letter combinations:
  1. always i /e /u + r (in a closed syllable): skirt [ skε:t ], person [ pε:sən ] turn [ tε:n ], burst [ bε:st ] - (see note)
  2. ea + r: pearl [ pε:l ], learn [ lε:n ]
Note: in some cases the combination o + r after w gives this sound: word [ wε:d ], work [ wε:k ]
[ ə ] Neutral sound is produced by most unstressed vowels: vowel combinations: famous [feiməs], computer [kəmpju:tə]

Vowel diphthongs

Sound Rules
[ei]
  1. a in an open syllable: game [geim], pale [peil]
  2. ai in a closed syllable: pain [pein], rail [reil]
  3. ay (usually at the end): pray [prei], hay [hei]
  4. ey (rarely, but aptly) usually at the end: gray [grey], survey [´sε:vei]
Note: 4. the same letter combination sometimes produces the sound [i:]: key [ki:]
[ai] usually occurs in the following cases:
  1. letter i in an open syllable: fine [fain], price [prais]
  2. ie at the end of a word: pie [ pai ], die [ dai ]
  3. letter y in an open syllable: rhyme [raim], syce [sais] and at the end of a word: my [mai], cry [krai]
  4. ye at the end of a word: dye [dai], rye [rai]
[oi] usually occurs in the following cases:
  1. oi (usually in the middle of a word) - poison [´poizən], noise [noiz]
  2. oy (usually at the end) - boy [boi], alloy [´æloi]
[au] appears in the following letter combinations:
  1. o + w: how [hau], down [daun] - (see note)
  2. o + u: round [ round ], pout [ paut ]
Note: 1. the same letter combination often produces the sound [əu] (see below)
[əu]
  1. usually produced by the letter o in an open syllable: stone [stəun], lonely [´ləunli]
  2. letter combinations o + w (usually at the end of a word): blow [bləu], crow [krəu] - (see note)
  3. ou before l: soul [səul], foul [fəul]
  4. oa+ vowel: coach [kəut∫], toad [təud]
  5. old (as in open syllable): cold [kəuld], gold [gəuld].
Note: 1. exception word: both [bəuθ];
2. the same letter combination often produces the sound [au] (see above)
[iə]
  1. ea + r: hear [hiə], near [niə] - (see note)
  2. e + r + e: here [hiə], sere [siə]
  3. ee + r: deer [diə], peer [piə]
Note: 1. if this letter combination is followed by a consonant, then the sound [ ε: ] - dearth [ dε:θ ] appears. Exception - beard [biəd]
[eə] give the following letter combinations:
  1. a + r + e: dare [deə], flare [fleə]
  2. ai + r: hair [heə], fair [feə]
[aiə] give the following letter combinations:
  1. i + r + e: fire [faiə], hire [haiə]
  2. y + r + e: tire [taiə], pyre [paiə]

Consonants

Sound Rules
[∫] There are several letter combinations that always produce this sound (among others):
  1. tion [∫ən]: celebration [´seli´brei∫n], tuition [tju:´i∫n]
  2. cious [∫əs]: delicious [dil´∫əs], vicious [´vi∫əs]
  3. cian [∫ən]: musician [mju:´zi∫ən], politician [poli´ti∫ən]
  4. and, of course, the letter combination sh: sheep [ ∫i:p ], shoot [ ∫u:t ]
[t∫] always occurs in:
  1. ch: chair [t∫eə], child [t∫aild]
  2. t + ure: creature [ ´kri:t∫ə ], future [ ´fju:t∫ə ]
[ ð ]
[ θ ] 		These two sounds are made by the same letter combination th.
Usually, if this letter combination is in the middle of a word (between two vowels), then the sound [ð] appears: without [wi´ðaut]
And, if it is at the beginning or end of a word, then the sound [θ] appears: thanks [θænks], faith [feiθ]
[ ŋ ] The nasal sound occurs in the letter combination vowel + ng:
sing [siŋ], hungry [´hΛŋgri], wrong [wroŋ], hang [hæŋ]
[j] softness in sound may occur in some cases, and not manifest itself in other similar cases, for example super [ ´s u: p ə] (see dictionary):
  1. u in an open syllable: mute [ mju:t ], huge [ hju:d3 ]
  2. ew: few [fju:], lewd [lju:d]
  3. if the word starts with y + vowel: yard [ja:d], young [jΛŋ]

Phonetic ttranscription- 1) this is a system of signs and rules for their combination, intended for recording pronunciation; 2) transcription is also called the writing of a word or text according to transcription rules.

The process of recording speech using transcription is called transcription.

Phonetic transcription is used to record spoken speech.

Phonetic transcription at school

1. Transcription is square brackets.

2. In transcription, it is not customary to write capital letters and use punctuation marks when transcribing sentences. Pauses between segments of speech (usually coincide with the place of punctuation) are indicated by a double slash // (significant pause) or single / (shorter pause).

3. In words consisting of more than one syllable, stress is placed: [z»imá] - winter. If two words are combined with the same stress, they form one phonetic word, which is written together or using leagues: to the garden - [fsat], [f _ sat].

4. Softness of consonant sound denoted by an apostrophe: [s»el] - sat.

5. Recording consonants carried out using all the corresponding letters except sch And th.

  • Special notes may be placed next to the letter. superscript or interlinear icons. They indicate certain features of the sound, for example:
    • [n"] - an apostrophe denotes soft consonants: [n»o] - palate;
    • the longitude of the sound is indicated by a superscript: [chash"a] - thicket, [vana] - bath, [kasa] - cash register; in some textbooks they indicate long consonants like this: [van:a] - bath.
  • Letter ь corresponds to the sound conveyed by the sign [w"](or [sh":]): u[sh"]elye - gorge, [sh"]setina - stubble.
  • Sounds [w"], [th],[h]always soft. Note. At the sounds [th],[h] It is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated.
  • Sounds [zh], [w], [ts] are always hard. Exceptions: soft [zh"] sounds in the words: jury - [zh"]yuri, Julien - [zh"]julien, Jules - [zh"]yul.
  • Letters ъ(hard sign), b(soft sign) do not indicate sounds, i.e. There are no such signs in the transcription for consonants: [raz"yom] - connector, [tr"i angular" - triangular.

6. Recordingvowel sounds

  • Stressed vowels are transcribed using six symbols: [And]- [p»ir] feast, [s]- [ardor] ardor, [y]- [ray] ray, [e]- [l "es] forest, [O]- [house] house, [A]- [garden] garden.
  • Letters e, e, i, yu indicate double sounds [ ye],[yo], [ya], [yu]: [ya]bloko - apple, water[yo]m - pond, [yu]g - south, [ye]l - spruce. Letter and after the separating soft sign also denotes a double sound [yi]: voro [b»yi] - sparrows.
  • Unstressed [y] occurs in any syllable. In its quality, it is similar to the corresponding stressed vowel: musical, r[u]ka, vod[u], [u]dar.
  • Unstressed vowels [i], [s], [a] are not necessarily used in place of similar letters - you should listen carefully to the pronunciation of the word: mod [a]ler - fashion designer, d [a]ska - board, [and] tourist - excursionist, [a]bysk - to search.

Phonetic transcription in textbooks for in-depth study of the Russian language

1. Some textbooks use additional signs to indicate vowel sounds: [Λ], [i e], [s e], [b], [b].

  • On the spot letters o, a in the first pre-stressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word the sound is pronounced [Λ] : [vΛda] - water, [Λna] - she.
  • On the spot letter e And I in unstressed syllables after soft consonants a vowel is pronounced, middle between [i] and [e], but closer to [i], it is indicated [and uh](called “and, inclined to e”): [l"i e sá] - forests, [p"i e b"ina] - rowan.
  • On the spot letters e after hard hissing [zh], [sh], [ts] is pronounced [s e](“s, inclined to e”): z[y e]lat - wish, w[y e]pt - whisper, ts[y e]na - price. Exception: dance - dance.
  • Sound[ъ](“er”) is pronounced after hard consonants A(steam locomotive [pravos]), O(milk [mjlako]), e(yellowness [zhalt "izn]).
  • Sound [ь](“er”) is pronounced after soft consonants in non-first pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables and is indicated by the letters e(transition [p»р»ihot]), I(private [p»davoj]), A(hourly [hourly]).

2. Latin letter j denote in transcription the consonant “yot”, which sounds in the words block - apple, vodom - pond, voro[b»ji] - sparrows, zyk - tongue, sara[j] - barn, ma[j]ka - T-shirt, cha[ j]nik - teapot, etc.

IN higher school the range of phonetic designations is much wider. See in more detail: Chapter “The Concept of Phonetic Transcription” in the manual by N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. "Modern Russian language".

Sample phonetic transcription for school

[bal"shayya plosh"at" // on_katoray raspalazhy´las" tse´rkaf" // was completely zan"ita/dl"i´nim"i r"idam"i t"il"e´k //]

A sample phonetic transcription for advanced students of the Russian language at school

The large area on which the church was located was completely occupied by long rows of carts.

[bl"shájj flat" // nа_którj rаsпълΛжы´лъс" Це´ркъф" // was all know" and e tá /dl" i´n'm "r"i e dám"i t"i e l"e To //]

Additionally:

  • Dictionary for schoolchildren by Ushakova O.D. “Phonetic analysis of a word” (samples of phonetic analysis of several dozen words are given) (direct link to download the book)

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Transcription, -i, g. In linguistics: a set of special signs, with the help of which pronunciation is conveyed, as well as the corresponding notation. International phonetic t. || adj. transcriptional, -aya, -oh.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov

TRANSCRIPTION, transcriptions, g. (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) (special).

Units only representation (of letters) by other written signs or representation (of speech sounds, musical sounds) by means of writing. Transcription of Greek letters into Latin letters. Accurate transcription of a folk song.

A system of depicting (letters) by other written signs or a system of depicting (speech sounds, musical sounds) by means of writing, alphabet. In our dictionary, Greek and oriental words are placed in Latin transcription. International phonetic transcription (accurate transmission of speech sounds using a conventional alphabet; linguistic). Musical transcription.

Arrangement of a piece of music for another instrument or voice (music). Transcription for flute, for bass.

English is one of the main languages ​​in the world; more than 500 million people consider it their native language, and the same number speak it to a greater or lesser extent. When starting to learn English, first of all we are faced with mastering the vocabulary of the language, its grammar and, of course, pronunciation. How to read a word correctly, especially if its spelling is clearly different from its sound designation? Transcription will help you with this. You will learn what transcription is, its designation and how to read it from our article. After carefully studying it, you will be able to easily pronounce even the most difficult words and also use the dictionary and educational materials where it is widely used.

So what is transcription?

If we take a scientific definition, then this is a system for recording signs and rules for their combination, which are intended to record the correct pronunciation of a word. That is, in reality we write one thing, but in sound we get something completely different. Having learned the signs of English transcription, as well as the basic letter combinations, you can easily master any text written in English. Indeed, in this language, as in Russian, words are often written completely differently from how they are pronounced, and sometimes it is simply necessary to memorize their correct reading in order to avoid mistakes in the future.

Basic signs and rules for reading English transcription

To convey English words, a phonetic alphabet was invented, in which sounds are designated by special phonetic signs. Keep in mind that despite the fact that there are 26 letters in the English language, there are as many as 44 sounds in it. Therefore, for the best assimilation of the language, you should pay close attention to them. In general, the transfer of pronunciation exists in any language, so various signs are used not only for the English language, but, for example, for the transcription of Russian words. This is very convenient, considering that the rules are quite standard, and by carefully remembering them, you will be able to convey the sounds of absolutely any. Knowing what transcription is in general, let's start studying it. The following are the rules for reading vowels, two-vowels and consonants.

Reading vowel sounds correctly

i ː is a long, stressed “and”, for example: tea, sea;
ɪ - a short and unstressed (but sometimes can be stressed) sound between Russian “and” and “s”, examples - bit, business;
æ - pronounced as a clear and stressed sound, similar to something between “a” and “e”, for example: cat, rat;
ɑ ː - long and deep sound “a”, examples - car, heart;
ɔ ː - also a long and open sound “o”, read the words sort, board;
ʊ - a very short “y” sound, for example: put, could;
u ː - on the contrary, a long, slightly softened “u” sound, for example - fool, shoes;
ʌ - sounds closer to the stressed sound “a”, for example: up, couple;
ɜ ː - a slightly long sound between “е” and “о”, read - her, turn;
ə - a short, not entirely intelligible sound “a”, in the words until, alias;
e- slightly softened “e” sound, for example: bed, head;
ɒ - a sound similar to something between "o" and "a" in the words rock, body.

Rules for reading two-vowel sounds (diphthongs)

eɪ - slightly softened “hey”, for example: tray, make;
aɪ - read as simply “ay”, in the words sky, buy, and so on;
ɔɪ - pronounced like “oh”, for example: joy, boy;
ɪ ə - something between “ie” and “ee”, for example: fear, here;
eə - the sound “ea”, where the last “a” is unstressed, in the words hair, there and so on;
ʊ ə - a long sound “u”, at the end of which an indistinct “a” is heard, for example: tour, poor;
a ʊ - a slightly softened “ay” sound in the words trousers, hour;
əʊ - also a slightly soft “ou”, for example joke, go.

Reading consonants

p - clear, energetic sound "p", examples - parking, open;
b - also a clear “b”, in the layers board, abandon;
t - the sound “t”, but when pronouncing it we put the language a little higher than when pronouncing a similar Russian sound, for example: trunk, receipt;
d - clear “d”, in the words add, advertising;
k - the sound "k", in words such as cord, school;
g - pronounced similarly to the Russian “g”, for example: grace, agree;
tʃ - again a slightly softened “ch” sound, in the words chance, catch;
dʒ - a strong, stressed sound between “ch” and “zh”, usually in Russian it is rendered as JOHN, JACKSON, for example: jungle, logic;
f - the same as the Russian "f", for example: fool, enough;
v - read as simply “v”, for example: vocal, voice;
θ is a rather difficult sound to pronounce, try to lightly hold your tongue between your teeth and pronounce “s” or “f”, for example: thanks, ethnic;
ð - the pronunciation rule is the same as for the previous sound, try pronouncing it with a “z” or “v” voice, for example: there, this;
s - a sound almost identical to the Russian “s”, in the words sunday, east;
z - pronunciation is close to Russian “z”, for example: zebra, resign;
ʃ - also close to the Russian “sh”, only a little softer, in the words shine, action;
ʒ - just a soft “w” sound, for example: visual, usual;
h - the sound “x”, barely audible when exhaling, for example: head, hill;
m - just the sound "m", for example: mother, mouse;
n - pronounced almost the same as the Russian “n”, only we raise the tongue a little higher to the sky, in the words note, knowledge;
ŋ - sound “n”, clearly pronounced “in the nose”, for example sing, reading
l - similar to the Russian “l”, but not soft or hard, but rather something in between, for example: laughter, legal;
r - the sound between “r” and “l”, moreover, softened, in the words random, order;
j - a sound very close to the Russian “th”, for example: yet, you;
w is a short sound pronounced between “u” and “v” in the words what, where, one.

These were the main transmission signs. Having carefully studied them and already knowing what transcription is, now you can read any English word without much difficulty.

Transcription I Transcription (from Latin transcriptio - rewriting)

written reproduction of words and texts, taking into account their pronunciation using a specific graphic system. T. can be scientific and practical. Scientific telephony is used in linguistic studies of speech and can be of two types: phonetic (accurate transmission of the sound composition of words, reflecting the place of stress and positional variation; see Position) and phonemic (transmission of the phonemic composition of words without taking into account positional changes in phonemes (see Phoneme). ). Phonetic T. is used in bilingual dictionaries; it is given in square brackets, in contrast to phonemic T. (in oblique or broken brackets). Typically, scientific T. is built on the basis of the Latin alphabet with the addition of special letters and diacritics (See Diacritics). The most widespread system of phonetics is the universal alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, created in 1886 and gradually improved. For languages ​​with Cyrillic writing (and primarily Russian), the T system based on the Cyrillic alphabet is also used (See Cyrillic). For example, “to approach”: phonetic T. - [p’thad’it’], phonemic T. - (approach’it’). Sometimes, for special scientific purposes, so-called analytical phonetic systems are used, in which each sign corresponds not to a whole sound, but to a separate element of its articulation (rounding, stopping, etc.); the most famous of such systems is T. analphabetic I. O. Espersen a. Practical T. is the recording of untranslatable foreign words using the means of a given national alphabet. The problem of practical T. arises mainly when transmitting foreign personal names and surnames, geographical names, etc. in writing. Practical T. is less accurate than scientific one and is individual for each language; it contains no special characters that are not present in the practical alphabet of a given language. For example, “Pushkin” is rendered in the French text as Pouchkine, in German as Puschkin, in Hungarian as Puskin, etc. A good practical T. always reflects the original sound of the word (an example of an incorrect T. preserved by tradition is “Hudson” instead of “Hudson” for the English Hudson). T. should be distinguished from transliteration (See Transliteration) and spelling (See Spelling).

Lit.: Avanesov R.I., Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language, M., 1956; Zinder L. R., General phonetics, Leningrad, 1960; Shcherba L.V., Phonetics of the French language, 7th ed., M., 1963; Reformatsky A. A., Introduction to linguistics, 4th ed., M., 1967.

V. A. Vinogradov.

International Phonetic Alphabet.

II Transcription

in music, the arrangement of a musical work (arrangement) or its free virtuoso arrangement (concert music). She played an important role in the development of instrumental music; in the 16th century A significant part of the works for keyboard instruments were vocal compositions. Many piano transcriptions by F. Liszt, F. Busoni, L. Godovsky, M. A. Balakirev, S. V. Rachmaninov, K. Tausig, as well as violin transcriptions by T. F. Kreisler, became widely known. See also Paraphrase.

 III Transcription

in biology, the biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid (See Ribonucleic acid) (RNA) carried out in living cells on a matrix - deoxyribonucleic acid (See Deoxyribonucleic acid) (DNA). T. is one of the fundamental biological processes, the first stage of the implementation of genetic information recorded in DNA in the form of a linear sequence of 4 types of monomeric units - nucleotides (See Nucleotides) (See Genetic code). T. is carried out by special enzymes - DNA-dependent RNA polymers. As a result of T., a polymer chain of RNA (also consisting of nucleotides) is formed, the sequence of monomer units of which repeats the sequence of monomer units of one of the two complementary chains of the copied DNA section. The product of T. are 4 types of RNA that perform different functions: 1) informational, or template, RNA, which acts as a template for protein synthesis by ribosomes (Translation); 2) ribosomal RNAs, which are structural components of ribosomes (See Ribosomes); 3) transfer RNAs, which are the main elements that perform the recoding of information contained in messenger RNA from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids during protein synthesis; 4) RNA, which plays the role of a primer for DNA replication (See Replication). T. DNA occurs in separate sections, which include one or more genes (see, for example, Operon). The enzyme RNA polymerase “recognizes” the beginning of such a site (promoter), attaches to it, unwinds the double helix of DNA and copies, starting from this place, one of its chains, moving along the DNA and sequentially attaching monomer units - nucleotides - to the resulting RNA in in accordance with the principle of complementarity (See Complementarity). As RNA polymerase moves, the growing RNA strand moves away from the template and the DNA double helix behind the enzyme is restored ( rice. ). When RNA polymerase reaches the end of the region being copied (terminator), the RNA is separated from the template. The number of copies of different sections of DNA depends on the need of cells for the corresponding proteins and can change depending on environmental conditions or during the development of the organism. The mechanism of T. regulation has been well studied in bacteria; the study of the regulation of T. in higher organisms is one of the most important tasks of molecular biology (See Molecular biology).

Transfer of information is possible not only from DNA to RNA, but also in the opposite direction - from RNA to DNA. A similar reverse T. occurs in RNA-containing tumor viruses (See Tumor viruses). They contain an enzyme that, after infecting cells, uses viral RNA as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA. As a result, a double-stranded RNA-DNA hybrid is formed, which is used to synthesize a second DNA strand, complementary to the first. The resulting double-stranded DNA, which carries all the information from the original RNA, can integrate into the chromosomes of a cell affected by the virus and cause its malignant degeneration. The discovery of reverse cancer served as strong confirmation of the viral genetic theory of cancer put forward by the Soviet scientist L. A. Zilber. Reverse T. may play an important role in systems for the implementation and accumulation of information in normal cells, for example, during embryonic development.

The enzyme that carries out reverse T. - RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase, revertase) is similar in properties to DNA-dependent DNA polymerases and differs significantly from DNA-dependent RNA polymerases leading T.

Lit.: Temin G., RNA directs DNA synthesis, “Priroda”, 1972, No. 9; Gershenzon S.M., Reverse transcription and its significance for general genetics and oncology, “Advances of modern biology”, 1973, v. 75, no. 3; Stent G., Molecular Genetics, trans. from English, M., 1974, ch. 16.

B. G. Nikiforov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what “Transcription” is in other dictionaries:

    TRANSCRIPTION, transcriptions, female. (lat. transcriptio rewriting) (special). 1. units only Depiction (of letters) by other written signs or depiction (of speech sounds, musical sounds) by means of writing. Transcription of Greek letters into Latin... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

    - (French transcription). 1) in music: alteration, arrangement of a musical piece, for example. for another instrument. 2) moving a name: writing one name instead of another; the application of the alphabet of one language to writing in another language. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

    transcription- and, f. transcription f., German Transcription lat. transcriptio rewriting.1. linguistic Accurate reproduction of sounds. language or musical sounds using conventional letters or special signs, in contrast to the historically established writing system... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

    - (musical), arrangement of a piece of music for any instrument. For example, transcription for piano of songs by F. Schubert, fragments from operas by G. Verdi, V.A. Mozart, owned by F. Liszt (about 500) ... Modern encyclopedia

    In biology, the biosynthesis of RNA molecules on the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of implementation of genetic information in a cell, during which the sequence of DNA nucleotides is rewritten into the nucleotide sequence of RNA. It is also possible... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    - (from Latin transcriptio, lit. rewriting), biosynthesis of RNA molecules, resp. DNA sections; the first stage of genetic implementation. information in living cells. It is carried out by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which in most studies... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

    Recording, transmission, biosynthesis, arrangement Dictionary of Russian synonyms. transcription noun, number of synonyms: 4 biosynthesis (3) ... Dictionary of synonyms

    Transcription- TRANSCRIPTION, or practical transcription, the transmission in letters of the target language (language of publication) of how an untranslatable word is pronounced in the original language; for example, rendering in letters of the Russian alphabet, as pronounced in English. language untranslatable from it... Publishing dictionary-reference book

    - (biological), biosynthesis of RNA molecules in the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of the implementation of genetic information, during which the sequence of DNA nucleotides is rewritten into the nucleotide sequence of RNA... Modern encyclopedia



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