The first meeting of the Russians with the Mongols was the battle on the Kalka River in 1223. In 1237, the grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, began an invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The Ryazan principality was the first of the Russian lands to be attacked. The Ryazan princes refused to submit to the Mongols. The principality was devastated and ruined. Its capital, Ryazan, after several days of continuous assault, was taken, plundered, and then the city was razed to the ground. A legend has been preserved about the remarkable feat of the Ryazan boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat, who himself attacked Batu’s army, managed to inflict heavy losses on the enemy and died heroically in battle with the invaders.

Following Ryazan, it was the turn of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The cities of Kolomna, Moscow and others were taken and burned. The capital of the principality of Vladimir, after a fierce assault, was taken and subjected to complete destruction. Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich was at that time outside the city, gathering an army. After the capture of Vladimir on March 4, 1238 on the City River, the prince’s army was destroyed by the Mongols, and the prince himself died during the battle.

Novgorod escaped the invasion. Not reaching the capital of the rich boyar republic a hundred miles, Batu turned south and headed with the entire horde to rest in the Polovtsian steppes. Passing by the small town of Kozelsk, the Mongols were forced to stay for seven weeks. This is exactly how long this town withstood the siege of Batu’s hordes before falling and being completely destroyed. The Mongols called it the “evil city.”

A year and a half later, in 1239–1240, the southern Russian lands, led by Kiev, were devastated. Then, through the Galician-Volyn land, the conquering troops invaded Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Some of their detachments reached the Adriatic Sea. However, the ongoing resistance of the devastated, but not completely conquered Russian lands forced the conquerors to stop further war in Europe.

In the second half of the 12th century. The Mongol tribes were united under his rule by the leader Temujin (Genghis Khan (“great khan”). The Mongol ruler went down in history as one of the most brutal conquerors of peoples. Genghis Khan managed to create a very combat-ready army that had a clear organization and iron discipline. In the first decade of the 13th century The Mongol-Tatars conquered the peoples of Siberia, China, the lands of Central Asia, and the countries of Transcaucasia.

After this, the Mongol-Tatars invaded the possessions of the Polovtsians, a nomadic people who lived adjacent to the Russian lands. Polovtsian Khan Kotyan turned to the Russian princes for help. They decided to act together with the Polovtsian khans. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River. The Russian princes acted inconsistently. Princely feuds led to tragic consequences: the united Russian-Polovtsian army was surrounded and defeated. The captured princes were brutally killed by the Mongol-Tatars. After the battle on Kalka, the winners did not advance further into Rus'.

In 1236, under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, the Mongols began a campaign to the west. They conquered Volga Bulgaria and the Polovtsians. In December 1237 they invaded the Ryazan principality. After five days of resistance, Ryazan fell and all the inhabitants died. Then the Mongols captured Kolomna, Moscow, and other cities and in February 1238 approached Vladimir. The city was taken, the inhabitants were killed or taken into slavery. On March 4, 1238, Russian troops were defeated on the Sit River. After a two-week siege, the city of Torzhok fell, and the Mongol-Tatars moved towards Novgorod. But before reaching about 100 km to the city, the conquerors turned back. The reason for this was probably the spring thaw and the fatigue of the Mongol army. On the way back, the Mongol-Tatars encountered fierce resistance from the inhabitants of the small town of Kozelsk, which defended itself for 7 weeks.

The second campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Rus' took place in 1239. The goal of the conquerors was the lands of Southern and Western Rus'. Here they captured Pereyaslavl and Chernigov, and after a long siege in December 1240, the city of Kyiv was captured and plundered. Then Galician-Volyn Rus was devastated. After this, the conquerors moved to Poland and Hungary. They ravaged these countries, but could not advance further; the forces of the conquerors were already running out. In 1242, Batu turned his troops back and founded his state in the lower reaches of the Volga, which was called the Golden Horde.

The main reason for the defeat of the Russian principalities was the lack of unity between them. In addition, the Mongol army was numerous, well organized, the most severe discipline reigned in it, reconnaissance was well organized, and advanced methods of warfare were used at that time.

The Golden Horde yoke had a heavy impact on the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Russian lands. More than half of the famous Russian cities were devastated by the Mongol-Tatars, many of them became villages after the invasion, some disappeared forever. The conquerors killed and enslaved a significant part of the urban population. This led to economic decline and the disappearance of some crafts. The death of many princes and warriors slowed down the political development of the Russian lands and led to the weakening of the grand ducal power. The main form of dependence was the payment of tribute. It was collected by the so-called Baskak, led by the Great Baskak. His residence was in Vladimir. The Baskaks had special armed detachments; any resistance to cruel exactions and violence was mercilessly suppressed. Political dependence was expressed in the issuance of special letters to the Russian princes - labels for the right to reign. The formal head of the Russian lands was considered the prince, who received from the khan the label to reign in Vladimir.

At a time when Rus' had not yet recovered from the barbaric invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, it was threatened from the west by Swedish and German knights, who set themselves the goal of subjugating the peoples of the Baltic states and Rus' and converting them to Catholicism.

In 1240, the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the Neva. The Swedes' plans included the capture of Staraya Ladoga, and then Novgorod. The Swedes were defeated by the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich. This victory brought great fame to the twenty-year-old prince. For her, Prince Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky.

In the same 1240, the German knights of the Livonian Order began their attack on Rus'. They captured Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye, the enemy was 30 km from Novgorod. Alexander Nevsky acted decisively. With a swift blow, he liberated Russian cities captured by the enemy.

Alexander Nevsky won his most famous victory in 1242. On April 5, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipus, which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice. At the beginning of the battle, the German knights and their Estonian allies, advancing in a wedge, penetrated the advanced Russian regiment. Alexander Nevsky's wars carried out flank attacks and surrounded the enemy. The crusading knights fled. In 1243 they were forced to make peace with Novgorod. This victory stopped Western aggression and the spread of Catholic influence in Rus'.

At the beginning of the 13th century. Russian lands were experiencing a period of feudal fragmentation. A feature of their development at this time was a change in the social structure, the migration of the Slavic population from the south to the northeast, the strengthening of new cities, the emergence of new political centers, and the flourishing of culture.

But in the second third of the 13th century. Blooming but fragmented Rus' suffered a terrible disaster - the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Ryazan, Kolomna, Suzdal, Vladimir, Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Russia in the winter of 1237 - 1238 were subjected to severe defeat. In 1240–1242, the same fate befell the southern and southwestern Russian lands. Kyiv, the capital of the Old Russian state, “the mother of Russian cities,” was captured and destroyed.

Unlike the countries of Central Asia, the Caspian region and the Northern Black Sea region conquered by the Mongols, which had favorable natural conditions for extensive nomadic cattle breeding and became the territory of the Mongol Empire, Russia retained its statehood. But the political, and in many ways economic, independence of the Russian lands was lost. The need to pay heavy tribute and go to the Horde for a label to reign created specific conditions for the existence of Russian lands in the 13th – 15th centuries.

Western neighbors, taking advantage of the disaster that befell Rus', intensified their policies and tried to seize part of the Russian lands. In the summer of 1240, the Swedes set out on a “crusade” against Pskov and Novgorod, followed by German knights. The Pope fueled with his messages the aggressive plans of Russia's northern and western neighbors. And it is not at all by chance that at the time when Kyiv selflessly defended itself from Batu’s troops, the knights of the Teutonic Order captured Izborsk, Pskov, robbed and killed Novgorod merchants.

For the Russian princes (the Grand Duke was Yaroslav Vsevolodovich; his son Alexander, nicknamed Nevsky, reigned in Novgorod; in Galich - Daniil Romanovich; in Chernigov - Mikhail Vsevolodovich) in this acute situation, when Russia found itself “between two fires,” the problem of choice arose : Who to fight first? Who should we look for allies in - the Horde or the Catholic West? These two possible lines in politics were embodied in the activities of two of the most prominent politicians of the 13th century. – Alexander Nevsky and Daniil Galitsky.

Historians believe that Prince Alexander was one of the first to appreciate the complexity and contradictory nature of the situation, since he knew better than others what danger was looming from the West. Seeing that the crusaders came to Rus' no less destroyers than the Mongol-Tatars, Alexander Nevsky chose an alliance with the Horde and successfully implemented his political line until his death (1263).

The position of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, who advocated peace with the Horde, did not arouse sympathy among everyone. The lower classes unanimously opposed the Horde, the princes and boyars disagreed. The church supported Nevsky (the Mongols pursued a policy of religious tolerance and exempted clergy from paying tribute), but in the church environment there could not but be supporters of the uprising against the Horde.

The expression of popular sentiments was numerous unrest, riots against the numbers, Baskaks, and the exorbitant Horde tribute (1257 in Novgorod, 1262 in Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ustyug, etc.). In politics, this line found expression in the activities of a number of princes, primarily Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. It is symbolic that Prince Andrei Yaroslavich, Alexander Nevsky’s brother, became Prince Daniil’s closest ally and comrade-in-arms. Sources do not make it possible to establish who was the initiator of the anti-Horde union that swept Russian lands from the northeast to the southwest, Prince Daniil or Prince Andrei? It is known that the agreement was reinforced by the marriage of Andrei Yaroslavich to the daughter of Daniil of Galicia in 1251.

This alliance, based on the moral support of the Catholic Church, was extremely undesirable and dangerous for the Horde. And as soon as Batu Khan strengthened his position, having achieved the election of his protege as the Great Khan, he sent another army to Russia, which is known in history as the Nevryueva (1252). Information about her is scant. It is known that the Nevryu army appeared near Pereyaslavl, Prince Andrei came out to meet it with regiments, and a “great slaughter” took place on Klyazma. Apparently, the people of Tver fought on the side of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince. The forces were unequal, the Russian squads were defeated, Prince Andrei fled to Novgorod, and then to Sweden.

Daniil Galitsky found himself without an ally, but still hoped for the help of Pope Innocent IV, who called Catholics to a crusade against Rus'. The calls of the head of the Catholic Church were ineffective, and Prince Daniel decided to fight the Horde on his own. In 1257, he expelled the Horde Baskaks and Horde garrisons from the Galician and Volyn cities. But the Horde sent a significant army under the command of Burundai, and Prince Daniel, at his request, was forced to dismantle the fortress walls in his cities, which constituted the main military support in the fight against the Horde. The Galicia-Volyn principality did not have the strength to resist the Burundai army.

This is how the political line chosen by Alexander Nevsky won in life. In 1252, he became the Grand Duke and finally approved the policy of peaceful disappearance from Russian political life of the 13th – 15th centuries. pro-Western figures who considered a union with Catholic Europe a lesser evil. These sentiments were especially tenacious (for objective reasons) in Novgorod and the southwestern principalities.

§ 2. Features of the development of Western Russian lands

in the XIII - mid-XV centuries.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia

Western Russian lands that were once part of the Old Russian state (the principalities of Polotsk, Turovo-Pinsk, Volyn, Galicia, Smolensk, Chernigov, Kiev) in the middle of the 13th century. found themselves in a completely new foreign policy situation. This was due not only to the establishment of Mongol-Tatar rule over Russia, but also to the fact that a new state, Lithuania, was beginning to take shape on the banks of the Dvina and Baltic.

The core of the Principality of Lithuania was the Balt tribes - Letgola, Zhmud, Prussians, Yavyags, Lithuanians - who at the beginning of the 13th century. experienced the collapse of the clan system. One of the most important factors that accelerated the birth of the new state was the external danger, on the one hand, Batu’s hordes that did not reach these places, on the other, the knights of Catholic orders who settled in the Baltic states at the beginning of the 13th century.

Sources depict the initial stage of the formation of the Principality of Lithuania vaguely. But almost all historians today agree that from the moment of its appearance on the pages of annals and chronicles in the 40s of the 13th century. The Lithuanian state was a Balto-Slavic power. It is difficult to unambiguously determine the ways of uniting the Slavic and Baltic lands; most likely, this process took place both through agreement (as was the case with Polotsk) and through conquest. But for such a merger, undoubtedly, there were objective prerequisites, namely those centripetal tendencies that were maturing both on the territory of the Western Russian principalities and on the lands of ethnic Lithuania.

The creator of the new power was the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. Apparently, already during his reign (killed in 1263), the foundations of the internal policy of the Lithuanian state were laid. Paganism and Orthodoxy coexisted peacefully here. The Lithuanian princes showed tolerance towards Slavic customs and traditions, and preserved the economic structure and management system. The Lithuanian nobility actively adopted the language and writing of the Eastern Slavs. It was the language of the East Slavic population that became the state language and retained this status until the end of the 17th century. This naturally determined the attitude of the Russian lands towards the Principality of Lithuania as their own state.

Another factor that contributed to the expansion and strengthening of Lithuania was the policy of the Horde khans. The latter viewed the Principality of Lithuania as a counterbalance to the excessive strengthening of the Great Principality of Vladimir on the one hand, and the Order of the Sword Bearers and Poland on the other. This was most clearly manifested during the heyday of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia under princes Gediminas (1316 - 1341) and Olgerd (1345 - 1377).

In the first decades of the 14th century. In the sphere of Lithuanian influence were not only Grodno, Polotsk, Novogorodok, Vitebsk, Minsk, but also Pskov, Smolensk, Bryansk, Galicia-Volynsk land. 2/3 of the state's territory was inhabited by Slavs. Naturally, at this time the Principality of Lithuania acquired the significance of a strong center around which weak Russian regions were grouped. Along with the Great Principality of Vladimir, it laid claim to the entire ancient Russian heritage and took upon itself the function of creating a unified Slavic state. The Gediminovichs provided worthy competition to the Rurikovichs in solving this problem.

Already in the first half of the 14th century. under Prince Gediminas, it was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia that became the center of the anti-Horde struggle. Relying on his support, the Western Russian lands hoped to throw off the hated yoke. In the 30s, Prince Ivan Alexandrovich of Smolensk recognized his independence from the Lithuanian state, which angered Khan Uzbek. In 1339, an army led by Tavlubiy-Murza came to Smolensk, but the Horde failed to break the resistance of Smolensk and Lithuanians. The Horde was forced to come to terms with Smolensk’s refusal to pay tribute. This put a limit on the spread of the power of the Golden Horde to Western Russian lands.

During the reign of Olgerd Gediminovich, the main territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia was formed, its spheres of influence were determined: the Principality of Kiev, the Chernihiv region, the Severshchina, the Volyn principality, and Podolia were finally subordinated.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE KRASNOYARSK REGION

REGIONAL STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"KRASNOYARSK COLLEGE OF INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP"

Methodological material

on conducting an open lesson

in History

Topic: “The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century”

Material prepared by:

History teacher

first qualification category

Tatrishvili Yulia Vladimirovna

EXPLANATORY NOTE

A lesson in learning new material, a lesson - a workshop. "» , in the preparation of students in the specialty "Automotive mechanic"

This lesson occupies one of the main places in the study of Russian History, since with its help the following general competencies are formed:

Form of the lesson – lesson - workshop.

Purpose of the lesson :

1. formation in students of knowledge about the struggle of the Russian people with foreignersinvaders inXIIIcentury;

2. developing the ability to find the necessary material in the text of the textbook;
3. . continue to develop skills and abilities to work with historical
documents and historical maps;
4. formation of cognitive interest in the history of the Fatherland;
5. formation of patriotic personality qualities on heroic
examples of defenders of the Motherland.

Lesson objectives:

1. Educational : introduce students to the heroic struggle of the Russian people and the Baltic peoples with the German and Swedish feudal lords;reveal the essence of the military leadership talent of Alexander Nevsky;

2. Developmental : develop students’ skills in working with textbook text,historical sources, map, analyze the causes of aggression withsides of Western countries will determine the role of a politician in historystates

3. Educational : promote patriotic education,fostering respect for the defenders of the Motherland.

Lesson plan

Form of the lesson : lesson - workshop.

Location: Krasnoyarsk, st. Kurchatova 15, Krasnoyarsk College of Industry Technologies and Entrepreneurship, classroom 303 “History”

Type of activity : lesson of learning new material.

Teaching methods:

Students are faced with the task of independently processing a historical source. Involving students in cognitive activities. Announcement of future actions. Issuance of historical documents.

3 min

Reviewing safety rules

Heuristic. Voicing the basic safety rules for students when working in the office.

2 minutes

Working with maps, historical documents, diagrams.

Research. Selection of optimal methods for working with historical documents and materials.

5 minutes

Practical part, writing answers

Reproductive. Students complete assignments using historical materials (technological map).

25 min

Presentation of work results.

Heuristic.

Presentation by students of the results of cognitive activity. Voice your messages and conclusions.

7 min

Summarizing

Summing up the lesson.

2 minutes

Expected Result:

Formed knowledge:

Basic concepts, events, processes of the historical period:

Developed skills:

working with historical maps;

working with historical documents;

working with illustrations;

identification of historical events, concepts and definitions

group work;

public speaking;

Formed competencies:

OK 2. Organize your own activities, choose standard methods and ways of performing assigned tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them.

OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of assigned taskstasks and personal development.

OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with different social statuses.

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members and the results of completing tasks.

OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan to improve your education.

Equipment:

illustrations

map "Rus inXIIIV."

map “Rus in X”IV-XVcenturies."

circuits using a projector.

handout with questions foroccupation

Demo material

HandoutApplication 1.2 3.4

Application drawings

Appendix 4 score sheet

Teaching methods:

Dialogic.

Monologue.

Heuristic.

Research.

Reproductive.

Teaching methods: story, explanation, characterization, writing out concepts, working with historical sources and documents, comparison, reasoning, independent work, slide show.

Control methods: survey.

LESSON PROJECT

Topic of the training session: « The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century»

Students' goal: mobilization of students for educational and practical activities.

LESSON PROJECT

Getting ready for class

Presentation

Annex 1

2. Isolating the problem

Historical documents with assignments are distributed. Explanation of the essence of future work

Familiarization with historical documents, assignments, assignments are discussed in groups.

Handouts - documents, illustrations, assignments

Appendix 2

3. Practical part, work with historical material

Controls the process of selecting historical information and completing tasks

They select the necessary information and perform tasks based on the source.

Historical documents, mapsApplication

5. Presentation of work results.

Offers to voice completed tasks and suggests assessing the quality of the teams’ finished response and recording the results on the evaluation sheets.

Voice their answers and draw conclusions. Evaluate the performances of opposing teams and fill out evaluation sheets

6. Summing up

Offers to summarize the work

Summing up.

Hand in completed assessment sheets

During the classes

Interim goal

Teacher's actions

Students' actions

1. Organizational moment

Psychological attitude to activity

Welcomes students

Marks attendance. Finds out the reasons for the absence of students

Presents uniform pedagogical requirements and checks readiness for class

Creates a friendly atmosphere of communication and a business rhythm of work.

Greet the teacher.

Absentees are reported.

Adapt to the workplace. They perceive, comprehend, and realize the significance of the work in the classroom.

2. Isolating the problem

Statement of a problematic question

“Oh, bright and beautiful, decorated Russian land! You are glorified with many beauties... You are filled with everything, Russian land!..."

“A huge number of people died, many were taken captive, mighty cities disappeared from the face of the earth forever, precious manuscripts, magnificent frescoes were destroyed, secrets of many crafts"

These two statements characterize Rus' inXIIIV.

Problematic question: What events are we talking about? Why did this metamorphosis occur, what happened in Rus'?

This will be discussed in the lesson, the topic of which is:"Rus' struggle against external invasions in XIII V.

Listens, corrects students’ answers, and finally formulates the purpose of the lesson

The purpose of the lesson: deepen your knowledge on the issue: “Rus’ struggle against external invasions in the 13th century” andsolve the problem of: Why was Rus' unable to withstand the conquests, being at a higher level of social development?

Discuss a problematic situation.

1.B XIII V. Feudal fragmentation occurred in Rus'.

2. There was an invasion of invaders .

3.Updating basic knowledge

Updating of reference knowledge

Organizes homework checking.

Asks targeted questions to stimulate students' thinking.

Questions:

What are the reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus'?

Name and show on the map the main principalities-states that appeared in Rus' during this period?

What are the consequences of feudal fragmentation for Rus'?

What was the most dangerous consequence and why?

Right. The weakening of the state's defense capability is the main danger for Rus'.XIIIV.In the 13th century, the enemy who weakened the internal and external position of Rus' were the Mongol-Tatars. But they were not the only enemies. There was another insidious and dangerous enemy in the west. These are the Swedes and the Crusaders.Today in class we will have to answer the questions:Why were the Russians able to defeat the knights?

What was Alexander Nevsky's talent as a commander?

How did the Russian land try to defend its independence and fight the Tatars - the Mongols?

Formulates the topic and purpose of the lesson once again.

Explains new material and gives the task:

– Batu's invasion did not affect the northwestern regions of Rus' - the Novgorod and Pskov lands. But here, too, an extremely dangerous situation has developed.

German knights settled in the Baltic states - crusaders, members of spiritual knightly orders.

The organizer of the crusades was the Catholic Church. Crusaders are knights, participants in the crusades. In the armies of the Crusaders, with the blessing of the Pope, special monastic-knightly organizations were created; they were called spiritual-knightly orders. Defeated Rus' seemed easy prey to the crusaders. German knights settled in the Baltic states - crusaders, members of the Livonian and Teutonic orders.

With the blessing of the Pope, they set out to forcefully establish the Catholic faith not only in the Baltic states, but also in the Russian lands. The knights did not consider Orthodox Christians.

Consolidation of what was said:

- Who are the crusaders, and what are their goals?

- What is a knightly order?

- Who threatened Rus' from the West in the 13th century?

- Who are the crusaders?

-What goal did they pursue?

It was assumed that the Swedes and German knightly orders would join forces to make a crusade against Rus'.The teacher tells, using a map, the history of the campaigns of Swedish and German knights against Novgorod:Eastern European lands have long attracted the attention of Swedish and Danish feudal lords with their wealth. These lands were also of interest to the Catholic Church, which sought to extend its influence to the east.But when the Mongol-Tatars attacked Rus' from the east, the Teutonic and Livonian orders united to march on Rus' from the West.

Write down the topic. Formulate the purpose of the lesson

Listen, comprehend, reason,

Formulate answers.

4.Practical work

Practicing practical skills

Coordinates the work of students with a historical source, map, illustrations

Perform work according to the assigned task.

Presentation of work results

Working offactions related to the independent construction of oral speech utterances

Practicing the skill of checking the quality of a completed task, evaluating.

Offers to complete assignments using handouts and electronic presentations. Provides assistance in completing assignments and coordinates student activities.

– So, let's start completing the tasks.

Iexercise:

1.Each team is given worksheets with assignments.

Formulate and present your answers.

Summarizing

Evaluation of the success of the work performed. Issuing homework

Our lesson ends, let's summarize.

Analyzes the activities of students (readiness for classes, preparation of homework, discipline and activity in class, success in mastering new educational material) and evaluates it.

Gives grades: 1. Based on the results of checking homework. 2. Based on the results of work in the lesson (answers to questions, messages, work with the text of the textbook, additions, clarifications). 3. Only positive marks for completing a test on new material.

Asks the question: Who disagrees with these assessments?

Analyzes answers, focuses attention on errors, substantiates the objectivity of assessments. Recognizes and morally stimulates students who successfully completed assignments, actively worked during class, and helped the teacher.

Students who received unsatisfactory grades are asked to analyze the reasons for failure and are invited to a consultation.Invites students to summarize the lesson. Collects score sheets

Well done, thanks for your work in class.

Summarize the lesson.

Listen to the teacher

They ask questions.

Express their own opinion

Agree or disagree with the assessments.

Appendix No. 1

Document No. 1

There are missing words in the text of the document......insert the missing words after completing the text

“As a result, in July….. the Swedish army led its fleet to the mouth of the river…. The command of the army was taken over by the son-in-law of the Swedish king, Birger. Moving inland, his army stopped on the left bank of the river....., not far from the mouth of the Izhora. The Swedes were so confident of their victory that, according to some sources, they sent a message to the young prince Alexander that said “We are here and we will capture you and your land.” As for Alexander’s actions, he had accurate information about the movements of the Swedish army , since intelligence activities were well established in Novgorod. The young prince decided to use the factor of surprise by gathering the city militia and making a rapid march to the place where the Swedish army stopped. During the movement of troops, more and more new detachments joined him.”

What battle are we talking about?

Date of the battle?

Participants in the battle?

Document No. 2

From the Simeonovskaya Chronicle:

QuestionsAndassignments fordocument no.2

Select facts in the text that speak about the heroism of Russian soldiers;

Determine the reasons for the victory of the Novgorod squad

Formulate the significance of the Battle of the Neva for the fate of the Russian people

[The ruler of Sweden, Birger], having heard about the courage of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich, decided to defeat him or take him prisoner and capture Veliky Novgorod and its suburbs and turn the Slavic people into captivity. And he said: “I am going and will conquer all the land of Alexander.” The king gathered a great force, his chiefs and bishops, and the Swedes, and the Norwegians, and they filled the ships with many of their regiments and moved with great strength, overwhelmed by a warlike spirit, and came to the Neva River and stood at the mouth of Izhora, wanting to in his madness to capture Ladoga and even Novgorod and the entire Novgorod region. Then the news came that the Swedes were going to Ladoga, and at the same time the king proudly sent ambassadors to Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich in Novgorod with the words: “If you can resist me, then I am already here and will conquer your land”... And Alexander went against the Swedes with his courageous warriors, but not with many troops, because there was no time to gather a large army. His father, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, did not know about the attack on his son Alexander; there was no time to send news to his father, because the enemies were already approaching. And many Novgorodians did not have time to gather into an army, because Grand Duke Alexander hastened to go against the enemies. And he came against them on Sunday, July 15, and there was a great battle with the Swedes. They beat up many Swedes, and Alexander inflicted a wound on the face of the king himself with his sharp sword. [In some editions of the chronicle, 20 men of Novgorod fell along with the Ladoga residents.

Map of the Neva Battle

Appendix 2

Document No. 3

From the Simeonovskaya Chronicle:

Questions and tasks for the document № 3

Determine what predominates in the given fragment: historical facts or an artistic description of the event.

Formulate the reasons for the victory of Russian soldiers.

Why did the tactics of the knights, which brought them success in wars in Europe, not lead to victory on Lake Peipsi?

What is the significance of Alexander Nevsky's victory?

And he went with his brother Andrei and with the Novgorodians and Suzdalians to German soil with great strength, so that the Germans would not boast, saying “we will humiliate the Slovenian language.”

The city of Pskov had already been taken and German tiuns were planted in the city. The Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the roads to Pskov and suddenly took the city, and, having captured the Germans and Chud and the German governors, imprisoned him in chains in Novgorod, and liberated the city of Pskov from captivity, and fought and burned the German land and took many prisoners, and others interrupted. They gathered together, saying with pride: “Let us go against Alexander and, having won, we will take him prisoner.” When the Germans approached, the guards of Grand Duke Alexander were surprised at the German strength and were horrified. The great prince Alexander, having prayed in the Church of the Holy Trinity, went to the German land, wanting to avenge Christian blood... Hearing about this, the master went against them [Alexander’s regiments] with all his bishops and with the whole multitude of their people and their strength, whatever was in their area, along with royal assistance; and agreed on a lake called Peipus. Grand Duke Alexander returned back.

The Germans almost went after him. The great prince stationed an army on Lake Peipsi on Uzmen, at the Raven Stone, and, preparing for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipsi; there were a large number of those and others. His brother Andrei was here with Alexander with many of his father’s warriors; Alexander had many brave, strong and strong men, all of them were filled with a warlike spirit, and their hearts were like those of a lion. And they said: “Prince, now the time has come to lay down our heads for you.”

It was then the Sabbath day, and at sunrise both armies met.

And here there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chud, and the crack of breaking spears and the sound of the blows of swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood. And I myself heard about this from an eyewitness who was there. And the Germans fled, and the Russians drove them with battle as if through the air, and they had nowhere to run, they beat them 7 miles on the ice to the Subolitsa coast, and 500 Germans fell, and countless miracles, and 50 of the best German commanders were captured and they were brought to Novgorod, and the other Germans drowned in the lake, because it was spring. And others ran away seriously wounded. There was this fight………

In the summer of 1240 they captured Izborsk, and then captured Pskov.
Detachments of knights also appeared near Novgorod. And there was no one to defend the city, because... The boyars, fearing that Alexander Nevsky would expand the rights of princely power, forced him to leave Novgorod. However, soon the veche begged him to return with his squad to defend Novgorod.

Students receive a task: using material from a historical document, arrange excerpts from the document in chronological order.

1.... Both the Germans and the Chud made their way like a wedge through the shelves. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chuds, and the crack of the breaking spears and the sound of the blows of swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood...

2.... Hearing about this, the master came against them with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, which was in their area along with royal help; and went down to the lake called Peipus...

3. ...Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich came to Novgorod and soon went with the Novgorodians, Ladoga residents, Karelians and Izhorians to the city of Koporye and destroyed the fortress to the ground, and killed the Germans themselves...

4.... The great prince stationed an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen at the Raven Stone and, strengthened by the power of the cross and preparing for battle, went against them. (The troops) converged on Lake Peipsi; there were a large number of both...5...And the enemies fled and drove them with battle, as if through the air, and they had nowhere to escape; and they beat them 7 miles on the ice... and 500 Germans fell, and the Chuds
countless, and 50 of the best German commanders were captured and brought to Novgorod, and other Germans drowned in the lake, because there was
spring, and others ran away, seriously wounded...

6.... Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the roads to Pskov and suddenly took
city, and captured the Germans and Chud and the German governors, and in chains
sent to Novgorod, and liberated the city of Pskov from captivity...

(“The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”)(Answer: 3-6-2-4-1-5)

Appendix No. 3

Document No. 4

(According to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle)

Which battle is shown in the diagram?

What battle are we talking about?

“Per year 6732 (1224). An unheard of army came, the godless Moabites, called Tatars; they came to the Polovtsian land. The Polovtsians tried to resist, but even the strongest of them, Yuri Konchakovich, could not resist them and fled, and many were killed - all the way to the Dnieper River. The Tatars turned back and went to their towers. And so, when the Polovtsians ran to the Russian land, they said to the Russian princes: “If you don’t help us, then today we were beaten, and you will be beaten tomorrow.” There was a council of all the princes in the city of Kyiv, and at the council they decided this: “It is better for us to meet them on foreign soil than on our own.” On this council were Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev, Mstislav Kozelsky and Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavich of Galitsky - they were the oldest princes of the Russian land. Grand Duke Yuri of Suzdal was not at that council. And the younger princes were Daniil Romanovich, Mikhail Vsevolodich, Vsevolod Mstislavich of Kiev and many other princes. From there they walked eight days to the Kalka River. They were met by Tatar guard detachments. When the guards fought, Ivan Dmitrievich and two others with him were killed. The Tatars drove off; near the Kalka River itself, the Tatars met with Russian and Polovtsian regiments. Mstislav Mstislavich first ordered Daniel and the regiment and other regiments with them to cross the Kalka River, and after them he himself moved; he himself rode in a guard detachment. When he saw the Tatar regiments, he came to say: “Arm yourself!” Mstislav Romanovich and the other Mstislav sat and did not know anything: Mstislav did not tell them about what was happening out of envy, because there was great enmity between them. All the Russian princes were defeated. This has never happened before. The Tatars, having defeated the Russian people because of the sins of Christians, came and reached Novgorod Svyatopolkov. The Russians, not knowing about their deceit, came out to meet them with crosses and were all killed. Expecting the repentance of the Christians, God turned the Tatars back to the eastern land, and they conquered the land of Tangut and other countries. Then their Genghis Khan was killed by the Tanguts. The Tatars deceived the Tanguts and subsequently destroyed them by deception. And they destroyed other countries - by army, and most of all by deception.”

Questions for the document:

Where and when did the first battle between the Russians and the Mongol-Tatars end?

Who led the Tatar and Russian troops?

Why were Russian troops defeated in the battle on the Kalka River?

What is the meaning of the battle on Kalka ?

Appendix No. 4

Appendix No. 6

What kind of princes are depicted in the illustrations?

2

1

Appendix No. 5

Fill out the table

"The fight of Rus' against external invasions"

Date of battle

Battle Objectives

Invaders

Results of the battle

Historical meaning

Appendix No. 6

Based on the illustration, try to determine which battle is depicted.

1.

2.

3.

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Rus''s struggle with foreign invasions in the 13th century briefly and received the best answer

Answer from Astrea[guru]
At the beginning of the 13th century, the ancient Russian principalities had to face the onslaught of conquerors from both the East and the West. The Mongol army turned out to be much stronger than all the nomads who had previously attacked Rus', which resulted in the conquest of most of the territory of Rus' and the establishment of a two-century Mongol-Tatar yoke. On the contrary, in battles on the western borders of Rus', Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to stop the onslaught of the crusaders, permanently fixing the historical borders of Russian lands.
In 1206, the Mongol Empire was formed, led by Temujin (Genghis Khan). The Mongols defeated Primorye, Northern China, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and attacked the Polovtsians. The Russian princes (Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn, etc.) came to the aid of the Polovtsians, but in 1223 they were defeated on Kalka due to inconsistency of actions.
In 1236, the Mongols conquered Volga Bulgaria, and in 1237, led by Batu, they invaded Rus'. They devastated the Ryazan and Vladimir lands, and in 1238 they defeated them on the river. The power of Yuri Vladimirsky, he himself died. In 1239, the second wave of invasion began. Pali Chernigov, Kyiv, Galich. Batu went to Europe, from where he returned in 1242.
The reasons for the defeat of Rus' were its fragmentation, the numerical superiority of the united and mobile army of the Mongols, its skillful tactics, and the absence of stone fortresses in Rus'.
The yoke of the Golden Horde, the state of invaders in the Volga region, was established.
Rus' paid her tribute (tithe), from which only the church was exempt, and supplied soldiers. The collection of tribute was controlled by the khan's Baskaks, and later by the princes themselves. They received a charter from the khan to reign - a label. The Prince of Vladimir was recognized as the eldest among the princes. The Horde intervened in the feuds of the princes and repeatedly ravaged Rus'. The invasion caused great damage to the military and economic power of Rus', its international prestige, and culture. The southern and western lands of Rus' (Galich, Smolensk, Polotsk, etc.) later passed to Lithuania and Poland.
In the 1220s. Russians took part in Estonia in the fight against the German crusaders - the Order of the Sword, which in 1237 transformed into the Livonian Order, a vassal of the Teutonic. In 1240, the Swedes landed at the mouth of the Neva, trying to cut off Novgorod from the Baltic. Prince Alexander defeated them at the Battle of the Neva. In the same year, the Livonian knights began an offensive and took Pskov. In 1242, Alexander Nevsky defeated them on Lake Peipus, stopping the Livonian raids for 10 years.
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