How the British changed our world. British scientists and inventors (topic)
FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION
State budgetary professional
educational institution of the Nizhny Novgorod region
"KRASNOBAKOVSKY FORESTRY COLLEGE"
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH WORK
"BRITISH INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD"
(In the discipline “English”)
Completed:
Muravyov Matvey Alexandrovich
2nd year student of 23 TEM groups
GBPOU NO "KBLK"
Supervisor:
Voronina Marina Vladimirovna
English teacher
highest qualification category
r.p. Red Buckies
2016
Content
1. Introduction
2. British inventions that changed the world
2.1. The most famous British inventions
2.2. Classification of inventions
2.3. The results of a survey of our college students about
inventions
3. Conclusion
4. List of references and online sources
5. Applications
1. Introduction
For centuries and millennia, since it appearedHomo sapiens were createdtools for hunting and labor were builthome and at the same time accumulatedexperience, knowledge and skills thatpassed down from generation to generation.
UK inventors created many useful devices for humanity, making life more comfortable and diverse. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries agolacked technical capabilitiesto realize all your ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.Society has learned to “fly” and drive; telecommunication systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance.From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the World Wide Web, British inventions in recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world.We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners, coffee makers and many others. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: trains or planes.Many brilliant discoveries in science, such as penicillin, an asthma inhaler, and a defibrillator, have saved many lives.
Learning English,we were interested in the question of objects and inventions around us, the creators of which could be the British.I wanted to know what British inventions are used in modern lifeand what our college students know about it.
Goal of the work: Study the history of British inventions and discoveries.
To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the followingtasks :
1. Get acquainted with the history of British inventions.
2. Find out the appearance of inventions– where and when they were invented.
3. Classify the most famous inventionsby method of application
4. Conduct a survey among college students
5. Do in conclusions about the acquired knowledge
Object of study are scientific discoveries and objects of everyday life.
Subject of research are the inventions and discoveries of the British.
The following were used in writing this work:methods :
1. Studying sources to find information on a given topic.
2. Generalization and synthesis of material.
3. Analysis of the information received.
Hypothesis Our research is based on the assumption that many of the objects named by students are the creation of British inventors.
Significance of this work: results work may berecommended for use in educational activities by both students and teachers.
2. British inventions that changed the world.
2.1. The most famous British inventions.
Many important inventions and discoveries were made in Great Britain. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. And with such people come great ideas, theories and inventions that have changed our modern world. These include a steam locomotive, a modern bicycle, a propeller, a multi-stage jet steam turbine, an electromagnet, stereo sound, an internal combustion engine, photography, antibiotics, in vitro fertilization, HTML, HTTP and many others. Let's look at the most famous inventions in more detail.
Telephone. British scientist Alexander Bell was the first to patent a telephone in 1876, which was capable of transmitting sound over long distances. The most amazing thing is that this invention was constructed completely by accident. Beginning in 1873, Bell tried to build a harmonic telegraph with which 7 telegrams could be transmitted simultaneously. For this purpose, he used seven pairs of plates. Each such pair was tuned to its own specific frequency. During the next experiment, the wire of one plate was randomly welded to one contact. Bel's assistant, having failed to eliminate the small accident, began to make an indignant speech. At this time, Alexander Bell, working on the receiving mechanism, heard barely noticeable sounds of disturbance coming from the transmitter.
Thus, the first telephone was invented, which Bell called the “talking telegraph.” The Bell tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a ringer, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, and the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.
A television. IN1926Scottish inventorJohn Logie Bairddemonstrated a mechanical TV. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second that are common these days. Today, Baird's TV may cause some irony. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.
Computer. The first "computing machine" was created by Charles Babbage in 1822. His idea was not to create a prototype of a modern computer, he simply wanted to build a machine that would calculate mathematical problems. Babbage was tired of human errors in solving mathematical problems, so he sought to create an error-free machine. This is why Charles Babbage is considered the inventor of the first computer. His “Babbage machine” was the first programmable analytical engine and, moreover, fully automatic. Computers today essentially do the same thing: read programs and execute them.
Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin completely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that, having gone to his family and returning a month later, he discovered mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, and discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.
Law of Universal Gravitation. Surely, even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy" in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model.
2.2. Classification of inventions.
The classification is based on the functional-industrial principle. Methods and devices that perform the same functions, produce the same products, or achieve the same effect are combined.
The main division in the classification is class. Classes are in turn divided into subclasses.
The purpose of classification of inventions is to distribute inventions into thematic headings to provide orientation in finding materials that meet the request.
The existing classifications of inventions use the following principles for subdividing concepts:
– subject-thematic, involves the classification of objects depending on their application in a particular branch of technology;
– the functional principle involves the classification of objects taking into account the identity of the main functions or the effect they produce, regardless of their industrial application;
– mixed principle.
All British inventions can be divided into 3 classes: objects of everyday life, discoveries in science and inventions in sports. Everyday objects have made our lives easier and more comfortable and varied. Discoveries in science have allowed us to better understand medicine, physics, biology and mechanics. While inventions in sports give us the desire to develop and test our physical strength, gain confidence and show our achievements to others.
Everyday life items can also be divided into subclasses: household items, food, children's games, clothing and transportation. We will look at some inventions in more detail.
Household items
Electric vacuum cleaner Patented by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth (1871−1955). Having noticed a device used on trains to blow dust off seats, he reasoned that it would be much more practical to suck up the dust. The viability of the idea was tested using a handkerchief. Booth placed it on the seat of the chair and tried to suck in as much dust as possible with his mouth. When he discovered that dust had collected on the bottom of the scarf, he knew the idea was working. The equipment was so bulky that it was transported by horses and placed outside the building, which had to be vacuumed. The hose was stretched out the window, its length reached 30 meters. A vacuum cleaner - first of all, it made the work of housewives easier.
Cardboard box for sale was first made in England in 1817 by Sir Malcolm Thornhill. Paper and cardboard are the most important packaging materials (more than 40% of commercial packaging). When paper ceased to be expensive to produce, wrapping paper began to be made - rough and dark for general use, and bright for gifts.
Vacuum coffee maker was invented in 1840 by Scottish naval engineer Napier. In it, hot water passed through a layer of ground coffee and returned back to the water tank due to the resulting vacuum. Nowadays, such coffee makers are no longer used.
The first inventor to receive a patent forlawnmower , was the Englishman Edwin Beard Bading (1795-1846) in 1830. The basis of Bading's design was a device for cutting carpet pile, which he mounted on wheels. A model of Bading's first lawnmower is on display at the Science Museum in London. Lawn mowers had two cylinders one behind the other, and the rear cylinder transmitted power to the front one with the blades.
Food
Robert Henry Winborne Welsh inventedlollipop in 1919. Welsh began producing fudge based on a recipe borrowed from a candy store owner. In addition to fudge, the company produced caramel. One day, Welsh stuck a stick into unhardened caramel, and a new product emerged. It soon became popular among children and adults.
Invention of the sandwich, better known assandwich
belongs to John Montague, Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who served as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of the Navy of the British Empire. Once, in 1762, he was playing cards, the game lasted the whole day, and since it was difficult to simultaneously play cards and eat at the table with a knife and fork, the count asked the cook to serve him two pieces of fried bread with a slice of roast beef between them. This way he could hold cards with one hand and eat with the other. It was a very convenient solution and since then the sandwich began its victorious march throughout the world.
Games for children
Puzzles
were invented in England in 1761 by John Spilsbury. A London map dealer has come up with a new teaching aid - a “cut map”. He began gluing black-and-white engravings of geographic maps onto a luxurious, thin panel of Lebanese cedar and mahogany and cutting the resulting sandwich into small, intricately shaped pieces. Each such piece contained a little geographical information, and by collecting the necessary sections element by element, the student studied geography. Despite the high price (more than the monthly salary of an industrial worker), the new product was a huge success.
It is believed thatkaleidoscope invented by English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as the number of mirrors used. The kaleidoscope was originally created by Brewster as a scientific instrument.
Cloth
Mac – a raincoat made of waterproof rubberized fabric. This raincoat owes its name to the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh, who invented waterproof fabric in 1823. Mackintosh, while conducting another chemical experiment, accidentally smeared the sleeve of his jacket in rubber, and only after some time he noticed that it did not get wet. Of course, in this form the clothes would be unwearable, since the rubber was very sticky. However, the chemist improved the method of making waterproof fabric by combining two layers of fabric using a solution of rubber in kerosene, after which he patented his invention.
The fabric, which is known throughout the world under the name "tweed ", was widely used in Scotland and Ireland for centuries and was called "tweel". They say that in 1826, a London clerk, while accepting an order, made a typo and wrote down the name of this fabric as tweed, which was assigned to the fabric. In the 19th century, tweed became a popular fabric for clothing for walking in the countryside, hunting, fishing, and golf.
Jacket Norfolk appeared in the 1860s as clothing for sports, riding and hunting. They say that it began to be worn on the estate of the Duke of Norfolk, hence the name of this jacket. The Norfolk jacket is usually single-breasted, with three or four buttons and a belt at the waist. There are two folds on the back. And the front of the jacket is decorated with patch pockets, large enough to fit everything you need on a country walk or hunt. Typically the Norfolk jacket is made from tweed.
Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington inventedboots called Wellis for walks in the countryside and hunting. He personally instructed his shoemaker. True, at that time boots were made of leather. But already in 1852, after the invention of a method for vulcanizing natural rubber, these boots began to be produced from rubber. Boots found a rebirth after the Second World War. The most popular color remains green. It was introduced by Hunter back in 1955.
Transport
Locomotive.
The world's first steam locomotive was designed by English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h. Trevithick proved that a car with smooth wheels could successfully move on smooth metal rails. He continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made significant changes to the design of the steam locomotive. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton. In 1823, under the leadership of Stephenson, the world's first locomotive-building plant was founded, and just 2 years later a steam locomotive, named “Active,” left its gates. This unit could transport 80 tons of cargo, while George provided for the possibility of transporting people. At an average speed of 7.5 km/h, “Ektive” carried the world’s first passenger carriage with members of the commission that accepted the new steam unit. The maximum speed of the locomotive in some sections reached 39 km/h, an unheard-of mark for mechanisms moving with such a load at that time.
Firstmetro line was built inLondon(Great Britain). It was only 3.6 km long and was launched10 January1863 of the year. In 1843, under the leadership of Isambard Brunel, it was openedThames tunnel . This discovery proved the convenience and reliability of the Underground Railroad. Then Charles Pearson in 1846 proposed to lay underground lines connecting the main railway stations of the city. There were 7 stations on the first metro line and the trip lasted 33 minutes. The carriages had gas lighting, which, according to the Daily Telegraph, was so bright that one could easily read a newspaper. On the opening day, 6 locomotives pulling 4 cars each departed every 15 minutes and made a total of 120 trips in both directions and transported 30 thousand passengers during this time. The convenience of this type of transportation exceeded all expectations, and in the same 1863, a decision was made to build a 30 km long ring line in London. It opened on 1 October 1868, joining the first line at South Kensington station. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to transfer from one underground route to another.
The first who thought to installtraffic light at the intersection to regulate traffic, there was John Peake Knight, a Londoner and specialist in railway semaphores. The first traffic light he designed was installed in the British capital on December 10, 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Switching of signals was carried out manually using two semaphore arrows. In a horizontal position they signaled “stop”, and when lowered at an angle of 45° they signaled movement with caution. So that at night the signal given by the arrows could be identified, a rotating gas lamp was used, which shone red or green.
Discoveries in science
England and Scotland have been leading centers of the scientific revolution since the 17th century and have since produced famous scientists and engineers. Among the main scientists of the 17th-18th centuries, one can single out Isaac Newton, whoselaws of motion are one of the foundations of modern science, in the 19th century it is worth remembering Charles Darwin, whoseevolution theory natural selection is the basis of all modern biological science, and James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the classicalelectromagnetic theory , as well as Stephen Hawking from more modern ones, who developed the basictheories in cosmology, quantum gravity and the study of black holes . Major discoveries of the 18th century includehydrogen , discovered by Henry Cavendish, 20th century -penicillin , discovered by Alexander Fleming AndDNA structure , discovered by Francis Crick,cloning experiment , conducted by Keith Campbell. Major British engineering projects and inventions include those invented in the 19th centuryElectrical engine Michael Faradayincandescent lamp Joseph Swan, as well as those invented in the 20th centuryjet engine Frank Whittleage. Don't forget about the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, founded in 1660.
Inventions in sports
Modern badminton Indian origin, but the English officers became interested in this game. In 1860, Isaac Spratt published the book "Badminton Battledore - a new game", which described its first rules, and in 1875 the officers' club "Folkstone" was formed. In the 19th century in England, the game of badminton became especially popular in the family of the Duke of Beaufort. The Duke was a patron of the badminton association and the owner of the Front Hall, which still houses a remarkable collection of antique rackets and shuttlecocks.
Variant known todaygolf appeared in Scotland. The modern version of the game of golf originated in Scotland. The first golf clubs were also created there. It was the Scots who became the authors of the first written rules of the game of golf, and also forever fixed the system and the number of holes - from now on and forever there are 18 of them.
Darts
originated several centuries ago in the British Isles. Darts is still a traditional game in Great Britain. There is an assumption that the game originated among soldiers. The soldiers threw short arrows into the bottom of the barrel or the bottom of tree trunks. In dry wood, cracks usually spread apart, creating “Sectors.” The standard marking with sector 20 at the top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin.
2.3. Results of student survey
our college about inventions
We conducted a survey among 1st and 2nd year students of our college. 35 were interviewedstudents. Analysis of the data obtained showed:
3. Conclusion
Inventions have already become firmly established in people's lives, and every year there are more and more of them. For many they have already become an integral part of life. Inventions are almost always created solely so that a person can feel better, so that his work is simplified as much as possible, and his life improves. The development of modern technologies that significantly make human life easier is not as simple as it might seem, because a huge number of specialists are working on inventions who develop, test or improve all sorts of interesting things every day, many of these specialist inventors are British.
Studying the history of British inventions, you will notice that some inventions are outdated (the flywheel or the spinning machine) and have become history, others, such as television, a vacuum cleaner or a computer, have been modernized and are still in use today. Countless discoveries were lost in the whirlpool of time, others, not appreciated by their contemporaries, waited for recognition and implementation for tens and hundreds of years.
The inventions created by the British are a shining example of the inexhaustible creative potential that this nation possesses. Over the entire history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our lives.
4. References
1. Biographies - the life history of great people [Electronic resource] //Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/
2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/
3. Room Adrian R.U. Great Britain: Linguistic and Regional Dictionary./ Adrian R.U. Room. – M.: Russian language, 2002. – 558 p.
4. Encyclopedia for children / Chapter. ed. M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta+, 2000. - T. 14. Technology. - 688 s
Internet sources:
Annex 1
List of British inventions
What has been invented
Who invented
Year, place
inventions
mechanical television
John Byard
1924, Scotland
telephone
Graham Bell
1876, Scotland
computer
Charles Babbage
1822, England
worldwide
web
Tim Bernes-Lee
1991, England
locomotive
Richard Trevithick
1804, England
triplane
John Stringfellow
1841, England
quad glider
Hiram Stevens Maxim
1894, England
glider
George Cayley
Percy Sinclair Pilcher
1804, England
1895, England
flyer
George Cayley
1853, England
metro
Marc Isambard Brunel
1863, London
magnifying glass
Roger Bacon
1250, England
chronometer
John Harrison
1760, England
telescope
James Gregory
1663, Scotland
Digital Watch
Alexander Bain
1840, Scotland
safe
Joseph Bramah
1784, England
negative-positive process
WilliamHenryFoxTalbot
1841, England
2-lens lens
John Herschel
19th century, England
Beaufort scale
Francis Beaufort
1806, England
law of the world
gravity
Isaac Newton
1666, England
thermal (steam)
engine
ThomasNewcomen,
John Colley
1705, England
Steam engine
James Watt
1782, Scotland
evolution theory
Charles Darwin
1859, England
water chlorination
William Cumberland
Kruikmenk
18th century, England
penicillin
Alexander Fleming
1928, Scotland
asthma inhaler
Hiram Maxim
1901, England
elastic bandage
Stephen Perry
1845, England
defibrillator
Frank Pantridge
1965, Ireland
puzzles
John Spilsbury
1761, England
kaleidoscope
David Brewster
1816, England
balloon
Michael Forada
1824, England
lollipop
Robert Henry Winborne Welsh
1919, England
soda
Joseph Priestley
1767, England
sandwich
John Montague Sandwich
1762, England
cricket
Anglo-Saxons
16th century, England
football
English
19th century, England
rugby
William Webb Ellis
1823, England
tennis
Walton Clopton Wingfield
1860, Wales
badminton
English military
19th century, England
squash
English
19th century, England
golf
Scottish shepherds
1457, Scotland
darts
British hunters
1314, England
snooker
Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain
1938, England
hydraulic crane
William George Armstrong
1845, England
electromagnetic relay
Joseph Henry
1835, Scotland
steam pump
Thomas Severn
1698, England
mirror telescope
James Gregory
1663, Scotland
cell concept
Robert Hooke
1665, England
pneumatic tire
Robert William Thomson
1846, Scotland
diving suit
1819, England
50
raincoat
Charles Mackintosh
1823, Scotland
51
color photography
James Clerk Maxwell
1861, Scotland
52
turning-screw-cutting
machine
Henry Maudsley
1800, England
53
logarithms
John Napier
1614, Scotland
54
logarithmic ruler
William Oughtred
1622, England
55
kickford cord
William Bickford
1831, England
56
door lock
Robert Barron
1778, England
57
incandescent lamp
Joseph Wilson Swan
1850, England
58
microphone
Charles Wheatstone
1827, England
59
turbojet
engine
Frank Whittle
1930, England
60
transformer
1832, England
61
safety razor
William Henson
1847, England
62
coffee maker
Robert Napier
1840, Scotland
63
tin
Peter Durand
1810, England
64
can-opener
Robert Yates
1855, England
65
sulfur matches
John Walker
1827, England
66
mousetrap
Hiram Maxim
1854, England
67
laces
Englishman
1790, England
68
eraser
Joseph Priestley
1770, England
69
glasses
Edward Scarlet
1727, England
70
machine gun
Hiram Maxim
1883, England
71
spinning machine
Richard Arkwright
1769, England
72
traffic light
John Peak Knight
1868, England
73
printing house
William Caxton
1470, England
74
smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
1803, England
75
aerial bomb
Wallace Barnes
1942, England
76
home video camera
Acres Birt
1896, England
77
idea of contraception
Mary Stopes
1915, England
78
electric motor
1821, England
79
DNA
Rosalind Franklin
1953, England
80
cloning (Dolly the sheep)
Ian Wilmut
1996, Scotland
81
pyramidal kite
Alexander Bell
1901, Scotland
8 2
locomotive
George Stephenson
1814, England
83
vacuum cleaner
Hubert Cecil Booth
1901, England
Appendix 2
Eccentric inventions
Alarm clock from robbers
The anti-burglar alarm clock, invented in 1870, worked on the principle of a clock mechanism: it had to be wound all the way, cocked the lever and placed directly under the door. When an intruder tried to enter, the opening door would press down on the lever, causing it to drop down, after which a very loud and annoying bell would ring.
Gun in my wallet
There is no need to remind you that street robbers became the scourge of the second half of the 19th century, however, in extreme cases, even such a tiny pistol could protect your property, honor and life. You just need to place the elegant weapon in the secret compartment of an ordinary woman's wallet. The main disadvantage of such protection was that only one bullet fit into the mini-drum.
Massager
In the 30s of the 19th century, body massage was considered not a luxury, but a mandatory medical procedure necessary for healthy skin and good blood circulation. However, as it turned out, massage with this dynamo was neither particularly useful nor safe: the massager constantly shocked the user.
Toe-toe
In all likelihood, these socks were invented to protect the toes from the cold while saving on knitwear. .Finger. socks were produced in Britain during World War II and were expected to reduce the cost of hosiery by 80%.
Flashlight glasses
Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-powered light bulbs and a long connecting wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was reminiscent of electrocution.
Eye Massager
In all likelihood, in the last century of one gadget. was not enough for body massage, so in the 1920s there was a need to develop a special device for massaging the eyeballs. This sophisticated mechanism had to be placed against the face, then a small lever had to be pressed to set in motion the rubber bellows, which released jets of cool air directly towards the eyeballs.
Mustache guard
The lucky owners of a luxurious mustache often had to experience some difficulties during lunch, and especially while absorbing some spicy soup. The only solution was to use special mustache guards. A spoon or mug with special recesses helped mustachioed men consume their contents in small sips without tarnishing their reputation.
Finger stretches for pianists
This mysterious device was developed in the 1910s to help musicians reproduce virtuoso passages by Stravinsky and Debussy. However, such a simulator had to be handled extremely carefully. Rumor has it that composer Schubert injured his hand while stretching on one of the early versions of the device.
Page turner
The page turner was also designed for musicians, around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music book began to turn over automatically.
Appendix 3
Questionnaire for students of State Budgetary Educational Institution "KBLK"
1) Do you know British scientists?
Not really
2) Name famous British scientists.
3) Name the three most important items in your daily life.
a) b) c)
4) What did the British invent?
answer options_______________________________________________
5) What discoveries did the British make?
answer options_______________________________________________
1
Avetisova S.O. 1Kirillova A.S. 1
1 Krasnodar Technical College
1. Biographies - the life history of great people [Electronic resource] //Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/
2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/
3.Room Adrian R.U. Great Britain: Linguistic and Regional Dictionary./ Adrian R.U. Room. – M.: Russian language, 2002. – 558 p.
One of the leading principles of youth education is the principle based on the education of universal human values, in accordance with the values and norms of national culture and regional traditions that do not contradict universal human values. A foreign language not only introduces the culture of the country and the language being studied, but also contributes to the education of students in the context of a “dialogue of cultures.” To successfully communicate in a foreign language, it is necessary not only to master linguistic means, but also general content knowledge about the world. We were interested in the question of objects and inventions around us, the creators of which could be the British. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study.
The purpose of our work is to determine the place and role of the British in the development of world science and technology. We asked 37 students to name three items they couldn't live without. Analysis of the data obtained showed that 22 students cannot do without a TV, 15 - without a computer, and, finally, 18 - without a telephone. When asked in the questionnaire whether they knew by whom and where these items were invented, not everyone could give a positive answer.
The hypothesis of our research is based on the assumption that at least one item out of three named by students is the creation of British inventors.
We offer to get acquainted with the presented material, which will satisfy cognitive, aesthetic needs, provide interest in learning English, and support motivations and incentives for performing speech activity in the future.
Incredible inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Many of us cherish the dream of creating an invention that would change not only our destiny, but also the future of all humanity, but most often the dream remains just a dream. Surprisingly, the British in the 19th and 20th centuries also often dreamed of the glory of mad scientists. The British Library has an exhibition of eccentric inventions of the Victorian era that never found use.
Alarm clock from robbers.
The anti-burglar alarm clock, invented in 1870, worked on the principle of a clock mechanism: it had to be wound all the way, cocked the lever and placed directly under the door. When an intruder tried to enter, the opening door would press down on the lever, pushing it down, after which a very loud and annoying bell would ring.
A pistol in a wallet.
There is no need to remind you that street robbers became the scourge of the second half of the 19th century, however, in extreme cases, even such a tiny pistol could protect your property, honor and life. You just need to place the elegant weapon in the secret compartment of an ordinary woman's wallet. The main disadvantage of such protection was that only one bullet fit into the mini-drum.
Massager.
In the 30s of the 19th century, body massage was considered not a luxury, but a mandatory medical procedure necessary for healthy skin and good blood circulation. However, as it turned out, massage with this dynamo was neither particularly useful nor safe: the massager constantly shocked the user.
Toe-toe.
In all likelihood, these socks were invented to protect the toes from the cold while saving on knitwear. .Finger. socks were produced in Britain during World War II and were expected to reduce the cost of hosiery by 80%.
Flashlight glasses.
Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-powered light bulbs and a long connecting wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was reminiscent of electrocution.
Eye Massager.
In all likelihood, in the last century of one gadget. was not enough for body massage, so in the 1920s there was a need to develop a special device for massaging the eyeballs. This sophisticated mechanism had to be placed against the face, then a small lever had to be pressed to set in motion the rubber bellows, which released jets of cool air directly towards the eyeballs.
Mustache protection.
The lucky owners of a luxurious mustache often had to experience some difficulties during lunch, and especially while absorbing some spicy soup. The only solution was to use special mustache guards. A spoon or mug with special recesses helped mustachioed men consume their contents in small sips without tarnishing their reputation.
Finger stretches for pianists.
This mysterious device was developed in the 1910s to help musicians reproduce virtuoso passages by Stravinsky and Debussy. However, such a simulator had to be handled extremely carefully. Rumor has it that composer Schubert injured his hand while stretching on one of the early versions of the device.
Page turner.
The page turner was also designed for musicians, around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music book began to turn over automatically.
The inventions created by the British, although they have not found a place in modern life, are a shining example of the inexhaustible creative potential that this people possess. Over the entire history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our lives.
Bibliographic link
Avetisova S.O., Kirillova A.S. THE MOST FAMOUS INVENTIONS OF THE BRITISH // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2014. – No. 6-2. – P. 104-105;URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=5224 (date of access: 01/21/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"
Alimova Tatyana Romanovna
Project Manager:
Shchuchkina Elena Pavlovna
Institution:
MBOU Secondary school No. 12 Koksovy, Belaya Kalitva
This English language research project "The Most Famous British Inventions" demonstrates how the British influenced modern life and what contribution they made to the development of humanity.
The Foreign Language Research Paper (English) "The Most Famous British Inventions" says that Britain had many influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors who had great ideas, theories and inventions that changed the world.
The Foreign Language (English) research project on the most famous British inventions examines the most significant and famous inventions: the invention of the telephone, antibiotics, the steam locomotive, television, etc.
Introduction
1. British inventions that changed the world.
1.1. Telephone
1.2. Antibiotics
1.3. Law of Universal Gravitation.
1.4. Internet
1.5. Locomotive
1.6. A television.
Conclusion
Bibliography.
Introduction
Over the centuries and millennia, since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor were created, dwellings were built, and at the same time experience, knowledge and skills were accumulated, which were passed on from generation to generation.
Inventors all over the world have created many useful devices that make life more comfortable and varied.
Progress does not stand still, and a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, but today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.
People have learned fly", ride, telecommunication systems appeared. From spaceships to eye glasses, from air conditioning to the Internet, the inventions of recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world.
We cannot imagine our life without electricity and household electrical appliances such as microwave ovens, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, irons and much more.
Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: cars, trains, ships or planes. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life.
While studying English, I wanted to know how the British influenced modern life, what contribution they made to the development of humanity.
Introduction
Over the centuries and millennia, since Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor were created, dwellings were built, and at the same time experience, knowledge and skills were accumulated, which were passed on from generation to generation.
Inventors around the world have created many useful devices for humanity that make life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life. Society has learned to “fly” and drive; telecommunication systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance. From spaceships to eye glasses, from air conditioning to the Internet, the inventions of recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world. We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as microwave ovens, toasters, washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners, irons and much more. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: cars, trains, ships or planes. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life.
While studying English, I wanted to know how the British influenced modern life, what contribution they made to the development of humanity.
Goal of the work: Study in more detail the achievements of the British in science and technology.
To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Study the achievements of the British in more detail.
2. Find out the years of inventions
3. Classify the most famous inventions
4. Draw conclusions about the knowledge gained
Subject of research are the achievements of the British in science and technology.
The following were used in writing this work: methods:
1. Study sources in search of information on this topic.
2. Generalization and synthesis of material.
3. Analysis of the information received.
Significance of this work lies in the knowledge of science and inventions, identifying the knowledge of students.
British inventions that changed the world.
The most famous British inventions.
Great Britain has given the world many influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors. And with such people come great ideas, theories and inventions, some of which changed the world.
Elastic bandage. On March 17, 1845, English entrepreneur and inventor Stephen Perry patented an elastic bandage.
Perry observed workers on a rubber plantation: at the end of the workday, they wrapped their hands in strips of rubber, which gave their hands a chance to rest. This inspired Perry to invent a special bandage.
Images of the first elastic bandages have not survived, but it is obvious that these products looked approximately the same at all times. Perry sold 1 yard (91 cm) of elastic bandage for approximately 5-7 modern dollars.
Stapler. The world's first stapler was handmade. It was made in the 18th century, not in Great Britain, but in France, especially for the office of King Louis XV. Each staple was marked with the insignia of the royal court. However, such luxury staplers could not be produced in sufficient quantities.
In the 19th century, paper began to be used in huge quantities and this forced the search for a simple and effective device for joining sheets of paper. In this regard, George McGill in 1866 invented a device for fastening sheets. This device was subsequently transformed into the modern stapler, and in 1997, inventor Christian Berger modernized the stapler into its current familiar guise.
Locomotive. The steam locomotive, that is, a steam carriage rolling on rails, was invented by the outstanding English engineer Richard Trevithick. Trevithick gained fame towards the end of the 18th century after he created light but powerful steam boilers. These boilers became the engine of the locomotive.
In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 km in 4 hours 5 minutes. Trevithick continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 10s and 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made a significant contribution to this important cause, proposing several successful designs of steam locomotives. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton.
Thanks to the steam locomotive, railway transport appeared in the world. Steam locomotives played a huge role in the economic growth of a number of countries. Only by the middle of the 20th century did the steam locomotive give way to more advanced locomotives - diesel and electric locomotives.
Telephone. Believes that the telephone was invented by British scientist Alexander Bell and patented in 1876. The phone is capable of transmitting sound over a long distance. The very first telephones were mechanical devices with a direct acoustic channel. Their operating principle was based on the propagation of sound vibrations in continuous media such as air, in contrast to modern electrical devices that use electromagnetic signals.
Alexander Bell was well versed in acoustics and was an expert in oratory, so he knew that sound travels due to compression and rarefaction of air. A special device (horn) must collect sound and direct it to a sensitive element - to the membrane. Bell produced light and thin membrane plates, the vibrations of which under the influence of the sounds of human speech were noticeable to the naked eye.
The Bell tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a ringer, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, and the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.
There are also many scientists among the British.
Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin completely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that after leaving to visit his family and returning a month later, he discovered mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, and discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.
Law of Universal Gravitation. Surely, even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their laws. In fact, Newton in the book Mathematical principles of natural philosophy in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model.
Internet. The founder of the modern Internet is called the British Tim Berners-Lee, who invented such protocols as URL, HTTP, HTML. It is thanks to him that we can communicate on the Internet, and this article was written using HTML.
A television. In 1926, Scottish inventor John Lougie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second that are common these days. Today, Baird's TV may cause some irony. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.
Classification of inventions.
All inventions can be classified into the following subgroups: “everyday objects” and “advances in science”
Inventions have made our lives easier and allowed us to travel long distances.
Science has made it possible to better understand the laws of physics.
British scientists and inventors
Science has been a driving force behind the evolution of the modern world.
British scientists have made immense contributions to the different fields including physics and biology.
Isaac Newton is considered by many to be one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. He developed the theory of color, studied the speed of sound and formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation (published in 1687), which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
The main discoveries of Michael Faraday (1791 -1867) include those of electromagnetic induction and electrolysis.
Charles Darwin introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in his book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859. It changed the way the world looked at the creation of life.
Many English inventors of the present and of the past literally changed our world.
The first mechanical computer created by a mathematician and philosopher Charles Babbage (1791-1871) eventually led to more complex designs.
But the computer we know today would not be possible without a pioneering British computer scientist Alan Turing. During the Second World War this mathematician and his team were successful in deciphering the German coding machine "Enigma".
If Babbage is considered by some to be a “father of the computer”, Turing is widely declared to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
And the author of undoubtedly one of the most revolutionary inventions of the 20th century - the World Wide Web (WWW), - is another British Computer Scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born in 1955). In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.
Some of the discoveries and invention of these scientists have inspired some people to take up science as a career. The list of British scientist and their contributions towards science is a long one and embraces several centuries up to modern days.
British scientists and inventors
Science has always been the driving force behind evolution in the modern world. British scientists have made enormous contributions in various fields, including physics and biology.
Isaac Newton is considered by many to be the most influential scientist of all time and a leading figure in the scientific revolution. He developed the theory of color, studied the speed of sound, and formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation (published in 1687), which dominated the scientific understanding of the physical world for the next three centuries.
The major discoveries of Michael Faraday (1791 -1867) include electromagnetic induction and electrolysis.
Charles Darwin presented his revolutionary theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. She changed the view on the creation of life.
Many English inventors, present and past, have literally changed the world.
The steam engine, designed by the Scottish inventor and engineer James Watt (1736 - 1819), formed the basis of the changes that took place with the advent of the Industrial Revolution both in his native Britain and around the world.
The first mechanical computer, created by mathematician and philosopher Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871), eventually led to the creation of a more complex device.
But the computer we know today would not have been possible without the pioneering computer scientist British scientist Alan Turing. During World War II, this mathematician and his team successfully cracked the German Enigma cipher machine.
While Babbage is considered by many to be the "father of the computer", Turing is widely recognized as the father of the theory of computing and artificial intelligence.
And the author, without a doubt, of one of the most revolutionary inventions of the 20th century - the World Wide Web (www) - is another British scientist working in the field of computer science - Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born in 1955). In 2004, Berners-Lee received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.
Some of the inventions and discoveries of these scientists inspired some people to take up science. The list of British scientists and their contributions to science is long and spans several centuries to the present day.
Vocabulary:
artificial intelligence, ai - artificial intelligence
contribution - contribution
dominate - dominate, prevail
driving force - driving force
eventually - eventually, eventually, over time
fundamental - basic, fundamental
immense - huge, immense
industrial revolution - industrial revolution
influential - influential
key figure - leading, key figure
to knight - to knight
laws of motion - laws of motion
literally - literally
pioneering - innovative
species -species
steam engine - steam engine
universal gravitation - universal gravitation
undoubtedly - undoubtedly, indisputably
Answer the questions
1. Name the most famous British Scientists of 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, 20th and 21th century.
2. What important scientific discoveries were made by Isaac Newton?
3. Who discovered electromagnetic induction?
4. What is the name of the book where Charles Darwin described the theory of evolution?
5. How did the invention of steam engine change the world?
6. Who is considered to be a “the father of a computer” and who is considered to be “the father of AI”?
7. What is Enigma?
8. Why was Tim Berners-Lee knighted?
9. Why did some inventions of British scientists “literary change the world”? Give examples.
10. Make a timeline of important discoveries and inventions made by British scientists.